These were serendipitous laboratory findings that prove, among other things, that the light from each flash in Figure A would reach the detector on the train simultaneously, regardless of the motion of the train. A discussion of these experiments can be found easily on the Internet or in any encyclopedia or introductory textbook of modern physics.

This text contains a clear summary of the laboratory findings from binary stars concerning the speed of light from moving light sources. The binary star studies are just one group in a class of laboratory findings on this subject.

In this brief summary the author points out that, since binary star systems more than 50 light-years away can be viewed orbiting each other at high speeds in the plane of the earth, if the speed of light leaving those stars depended on the motion of the stars themselves, then by the time the images of those rapidly orbiting stars reached the earth (after traveling some fifty years at even slightly different speeds), those images would be completely distorted. Yet, the author points out, no trace of any such distortion has ever been observed.

The similar characteristics of particles resulting from collisions at higher and higher energies are summarized in this published lecture on quantum electrodynamics. The author discusses this situation in a final chapter on loose ends: "This repetition of particles with the same properties but heavier masses is a complete mystery. What is this strange duplication of the pattern?"