CHEMISTRY 2000/2061
Sarasota High School
Michael Stuart and James Harshman
Our course is a computer managed system based on the ChemCom curriculum from ACS. Students are directed by the computer all day every day. Records of their attendance and progress are recorded and may be printed or a student can use a menu choice to check their grade in the course at any time.
ABSTRACT:
This report is on a cooperative competency based computer interfaced chemistry course. The course allows small groups of students to progress at their own pace within a broader teacher dictated calendar. Training in cooperative learning is provided to help students maximize this strategy. Group support and interactive computer programs are used to guide them through the materials. The ACS chemistry text CHEM COM is used and video materials have been developed to support the course. Students are allowed to repeat sections or remediate until they master the materials. Oral and written evaluations have been developed to determine competency. Evaluation instruments are administered in some form on a daily basis Upon completion of the materials they will receive one credit in chemistry.
GENERAL INFORMATION:
This course was implemented in regular Chemistry I(2003340) at Sarasota High School in the fall of 1993.
This course is unique in that the computer moves the students through the course. Student assistance comes from the student's support team and from the teacher. Records and control of the group's progress are handled by the computer. This allows the teacher to spend more time on small group problems and the evaluation of each individual to insure individual competency. The methods produce better results than class lecture and provide the platform for a short step to completely individualizing the process through computers. The complex nature of tracking all the students and making sure they are ready to go on is handled by the computer. With video libraries for lab demonstrations and illustrations, the program has moved completely away from a teacher centered program to a student centered program. Today's world places a lot of emphasis on information retrieval. This method of instruction mimics that situation and allows the student to begin practicing that art. Competency is checked frequently through a randomized quiz bank (allows students to retake quizzes until they achieve the mastery that they wish), daily oral questioning and daily checks of written work.
OBJECTIVES:
1. Produce a cooperative education component for Chemistry 1 students.
2. Create a group pacing element for the program.
3. Provide competency based evaluation.
4. Use computers to interface with student for programmed learning.
5. Use computer software to track student progress.
6. Advance computer literacy.
7. Provide hands on laboratory approach.
8. Meet Florida objectives and others such as AAAS 2061 objectives.
9. Provide individualized demonstrations, visual frame information, and videotapes.
RATIONALE:
In January, 1990, Johnson and Johnson reported in Educational Leadership, "in 1982 the Center for Public Resources published 'Basic Skills in the U.S. Workforce', a nationwide survey of businesses, labor unions, and educational institutions. The Center found that 90 % of the respondents who had been fired from their jobs were fired for poor job attitudes, poor interpersonal relationships, and inappropriate behavior. Being fired for lack of basic and technical skills was infrequent. Even in high-tech jobs, the ability to work effectively with other personnel is essential, as is the ability to communicate and work with people from other professions to solve interdisciplinary problems.
In the real world of work, the heart of most jobs--especially higher-paying, more interesting jobs--is getting others to cooperate, leading others, coping with complex problems of power and influence, and helping solve people's problems in working together. Millions of technical, professional, and managerial jobs today require much more than technical competence and professional expertise. Such jobs also require leadership. More and more, employees are asked to get things done by influencing a large and diverse group of people(bosses, subordinates, peers, customers, and others), despite lacking much or any formal control over them and despite their general disinterest in cooperating. Employees are expected to motivate others, negotiate and mediate, get decisions implemented, exercise authority, and develop credibility--all tasks that require interpersonal and small-group skills. Thus, the skills developed within cooperative efforts in school are important contributors to personal employability and career success. In addition, social skills are directly related to building and maintaining positive relationships and to keeping psychological health. Maintaining a set of good friends, being a caring parent, maintaining a loving relationship with your spouse--all directly relate to how interpersonally skilled you are. One's quality of life as an adult depends largely on one's social skills. Furthermore, the more socially skilled people are, the healthier they tend to be psychologically. For these and many other reasons, we should teach students the skills necessary to build and maintain cooperative relationships with others."
In 1987 William Glasser indicated that the recommendations of presidential panels to offer more homework, increase hours in school and increased emphasis on math and science solutions have about reached their limit. Little improvement in test scores will occur and students will not work harder until a program is developed that meets their basic needs. He states that those needs are to belong and love, to gain power, to be free, and have fun. Team learning situations better meet those needs and learning will follow the team approach.
In 1987 John Dewey wrote that the learning environment should have a continuity between life inside and outside the school. The school experiences should include an exchange of ideas, opinions, attitudes, feelings, and perceptions through discussions conducted in a systematic fashion among peers to clarify their understanding of their world.
Graves and Graves in 1987 concluded that cooperative small group learning was a superior method for improvement in the acquisition of basic academic skills.
Johnson and Johnson in 1984 emphasize that cooperative learning situations, compared with competitive and individualistic ones, tend to promote greater intrinsic motivation, higher expectations for success, greater incentive for achievement, greater epistemic curiosity and continuing motivation to learn, more commitment to learning, and greater task persistence.
In 1987 Slavin indicates that cooperative learning improves learning because kids understand "kid language" better, students who teach others learn by doing, and more individual attention and assistance is available.
The American Association for the Advancement of Science is spending a great deal of time and money preparing a set of goals for science teaching by the year 2061. Their reports state that they think cooperative learning is an important method for teaching science in the future. One of the fundamental cornerstones for science is communication of your findings to your peers for their review. Cooperative education is a natural both for teaching the skills needed and at the same time the content and processes of science. Learning through team efforts has been in college science curricula for years and one of the earliest demonstration classrooms for cooperative education was a chemistry program on the college level.
Blueprint 2000 also lists cooperative education as a goal. The following Goal Three Standards from Blueprint 2000 apply to this program as discussed after each objective.
1. Florida students locate, comprehend, interpret, evaluate, maintain, and apply information, concepts and ideas found in academic and technical documents, prose, the arts, symbols, recordings, video and other graphic displays, and computer files, in order to perform tasks and/or for enjoyment.---- Students receive all of their information and ideas using all of the items listed in this objective. Our students use reference materials built into the menu bar of this program that include movies, picture files, a glossary and a limited science encyclopedia. These items are always available as they work. They also have commercial electronic dictionaries, encyclopedias, and atlases available at all times. Topics or projects are assigned that require them to use these materials. Other video material is available on short tapes(less than 10 minutes each) that are played on their computer terminals or VCR/Monitor combinations. These materials and the ACS text CHEMCOM are their reference materials as they learn chemistry.
2. Florida students communicate in English and other languages using information, concepts, prose, symbols, reports, audio and video recordings, speeches, graphic displays, and computer-based programs. This program requires a lot of writing in a bound journal. Students are also regularly required to present information to other students formally and informally. Role playing is regularly used. During these activities students are encouraged to use a variety of techniques to present their viewpoint. They videotape some of their activities. Claris Works is always available on their computers to allow them to use the word processor, data base, graphics or other functions of this program.
3. Florida students use numeric operations and concepts to describe, analyze, disaggregate, communicate, and synthesize numeric data, to identify and solve problems. All of the usual math associated with chemistry is included. They regularly use the lab to collect data and analyze it. Activities are used to teach the numeric skills required to solve problems such as the stoichiometry of a quantitative reaction. Data is collected using computer interfaced devices to collect temperature, pH, radiation counts, etc.. Graphing programs and calculators are available through the menu on their computer.
4. Florida students use creative thinking skills to generate new ideas, make the best decisions, recognize and solve problems through reasoning, interpret symbolic data, and develop efficient techniques for lifelong learning. A great deal of emphasis has been placed on this objective. The program has built in activities to build their skills from critical reading skills such as identifying what is being asked in a question to giving them complex information and asking them to organized it in a new way so that they can solve a problem that is posed. A lot of time is spent teaching them how to organize information and define the problem so that they can use their creative thinking skills to solve the problems. The small group organization of this program makes this feasible.
5. Florida students display responsibility, self-esteem, sociability, self-management, integrity, and honesty. The cooperative learning component helps with this objective. Students are taught ways to get to know others and work with them each time their groups are changed. A major component of this program involves letting students accomplish the assigned tasks in their own way on their own time frame within broad boundaries set by the program. This is self management and it is one of the most painful lessons the students learn. By the end of the year they are much better at managing their time and learning styles. Their grade is totally within their control to change at any time through repeating sections they had difficulty with. Tests are large banks of questions so they are encouraged to take them over untill they have the scores they wish. The last score counts. The cooperative competency based nature coupled with the semi-self-paced nature of this course lends itself well to this objective.
6. Florida students will appropriately allocate time, money, materials and other resources (this may be demonstrated through a classroom project). This program heavily emphasizes time management though the other parts of this objective come into play at times.
7. Florida students integrate their knowledge and understanding of how social, organizational, informational, and technological systems work with their abilities to analyze trends, design and improve systems, and use and maintain appropriate technology. The CHEMCOM text was written specifically as a science, technology and society approach. Chemistry is taught in the context of society and some of its major problems. They explore problems such as air, water, resources, nuclear energy, petroleum, etc. through everything from consumer choices to hard chemistry to government. They even role play a town council meeting to show how complex it can be to solve a chemistry problem associated with a water resource. This is probably the greatest strength of the text and the format of the program allows a lot of individual exploration of various methods of solving problems involving society and science.
8. Florida students help a group successfully complete a project or activity by working cooperatively and teaching others. Every day all day is cooperative. This is true cooperative learning as described in the literature and not simply redoing group work. Each new team assignment is begun with an activity that helps them get to know each other and that emphasizes the program motto of "Their success is your success and your success is their success." Except for the computer bank tests and quizzes all other activities are team graded. When students are required to teach each other material, each individual is held accountable and this is factored into the group grade. Though this takes some work in the beginning of the year the students eventually prefer it. Many college chemistry courses are now being taught this way. Chemistry and chemical engineering are almost always team activities. Increases in the number of students in our classrooms and less time and flexibility for our extra duties and planning periods are eroding the time we have to spend giving individual attention. In chemistry this is further compounded by taking away the credit for lab assistants, OSHA rules that dictate how chemicals should be stored and inventoried, fund raising to maintain lab programs, ordering supplies and grading ever increasing numbers of papers. Cooperative learning environments will return some of the individual attention that students need.
9. Florida students establish credibility with their colleagues through competence and integrity, and help their peers achieve their goals by communicating their feelings and ideas to justify or successfully negotiate a position which advances goal attainment. Again cooperative education that insures that every student works with every other student builds these goals. Before the year is over all students have demonstrated the talents that they excel at.
THIS PROGRAM
Record keeping, organization of materials and paper grading dip deeply into the time we have to help students. This program allows the computer to manage most of this work.
The curriculum was written to teach and enhance cooperative learning skills. Evaluation includes cooperative learning skills.
Materials were developed to use computer technology and computers at each lab station.
Interactive tutorials have been developed to teach and reinforce the concepts required in Chemistry I.
Laboratory instructions are presented via the program. Calculations performed by the student are checked by the computer and errors are "trapped". Students are given hints to achieve successful solutions to problems.
The ChemCom text produced by the American Chemical Society was chosen for this program. The following is a quote from the preface of the text
"Chemistry in the Community (ChemCom) represents a major effort to enhance science literacy through a high school chemistry course that emphasizes chemistry's impact on society. Developed by the American Chemical Society (ACS) with financial support from the National Science Foundation and several ACS funding sources, ChemCom was written by teams of high school, college, and university teachers, assisted by chemists from industry and government."
Briefly, ChemCom is designed to help students
realize the important role that chemistry will play in their personal and professional lives.
use chemistry knowledge to think through and make informed decisions about issues involving science and technology.
develop a lifelong awareness of both the potential and limitations of science and
technology.
A series of video tapes was produced and cataloged to present demonstrations that have traditionally been presented by the teacher to the entire class. Teams view the tapes and then respond to questions presented by the program.
At the end of a "section", each team member is given a computer generated quiz. If any team member should fail the quiz, the student may prepare for the quiz again and take it the next day until he/she masters the material.
The student frames include:
Information--procedures, directions, additional information, assignments, etc.
Reading review--questions on textual material to make sure they have read the text
COOP Education--teaching cooperative skills and learning about their team members usually evaluated with passworded frames that allow a certain number of points to be assigned
Objectives--course objectives are given for the next quiz(may be printed)
Video--questions on a short video are presented, all videos are less than ten minutes long and therefore become quite interactive and instructional
Your Turn--classic questions on chemistry except that they are interspersed throughout the program instead of only at the end of the chapter
You Decide--higher level thinking skill frames designed to have the students work together to help understand societal problems that relate to chemistry evaluated through a password system that allows variable points to be assigned
Class Presentations--checks on and assigns points for a variety of class presentation activities such as panel discussions or town council meetings
Chemquandaries--higher level thinking skill frames aimed at solving chemistry questions using many different pieces of information
Laboratory--includes directions on a lab activity and a passworded check system to evaluate student performance
Vocabulary--assigns students words and charges them with teaching each other and then they are evaluated with a passworded point assignment
Jokes--riddles or other chemistry humor to alter the pace
Teaching frames--a variety of strategies are employed to help teach difficult concepts(animation, matching, problem solving, etc.)
Summary Questions--the classic end of the section review questions
Quiz--tells the student that it is time to take a quiz and allows the teacher to load a quiz score
Quizzes--each section has a test bank of 26 questions though each student only gets 10 randomly chosen items(this allows retakes until they master the material)
Tests--25 questions are given at the end of the unit(these are semi-randomly chosen from all of the quiz questions
The menu items include:
Student(open)
Daily Grade
Individual Grade--averages all assigned work and quizzes and tests(updated daily)
Teacher(passworded)
Attendance-keeps records of absences, tardies, frames missed for makeup,
and the times of arrival and departure
COOP--allows extra points to be awarded for exemplary cooperative work
Extra--allows extra credit to be given to individuals who do extra work
Manager--allows the teacher to make corrections, print grades, change student information, etc.
Make up--has students work through frames that the rest of their group completed during an absence, loads their scores individually
Go--teacher may send students to other places in the program
Force Quiz--sends the students to the next quiz if they are falling behind(they may make the work up outside of class)
Quiz--pops the quiz window to the top layer
Others--other management items are also included
File(open unless closed by the program during an activity
Quit--loads all needed data at the end of a session
Reference
Equipment--takes the student to a window that helps identify equipment
Glossary--a window for definitions
PICT files--over 600 digital images related to concepts in the course(these come up during the regular frames but are also available for reference)
Movie files--short animations and clips on various topics
Encyclopedia--a limited reference directed to topics that come up during this course
Other programs may be accessed from the main program:
Dictionary--American Heritage
Calculator
Stop Watch
Video
Periodic Table
Encyclopedias
Remote sensing software
Claris Works
Graphing programs
We have made an attempt to apply the educational research that we are aware of to the development of this program. The program meets parts of all 9 objectives of Florida's Blueprint 2000 and most of the AAAS 2061 goals.