motion theoretically stops at this temperature

acetone-

a colorless volatile flammable liquid. CH₃COCH₃. A frequently used organic

solvent.

acid -

molecular substance or other chemical that releases H⁺(aq) ions in aqueous

solution; turns litmus paper red; reacts with metals to produce hydrogen gas

harmful condition in which blood pH stays below 7.35: excessive acid production

or faulty acid elimination lowers the body's alkali reserves.

minimum energy required for successful collision of reactant particles in a chemical

reaction

active site-

in biochemistry, the site on an enzyme where the substrate molecule is made

ready for reaction

ranking of elements in order of chemical reactivity

the closeness of a measurement to the true value of what is being measured

an unstable arrangement of atoms that exists momentarily at the peak of the

activation energy barrier; it represents an intermediate or transitional structure

formed during the course of a reaction

the amount of product that forms when a reaction is carried out in the laboratory

the process that occurs when unsaturated monomers add to each other, forming a

polymer

a reaction at the double (or triple) bond in an organic molecule that results in

adding or bonding atoms to each atom of the double (or triple) bond; one type of

polymerization

the process of attracting and holding something on the surface (of charcoal, for

example)

mixing of air (particularly, oxygen gas) into a liquid, as in water flowing over a dam

bacteria that require free oxygen to carry out oxidation reactions that are vital to

their life

nonaromatic organic compound whose molecules contain one or more -OH

groups; the general structure is R-OH

an organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is joined to at

least one hydrogen; the general formula is RCHO

any metal in Group 1A of the periodic table; lithium, sodium and potassium are

among the alkali metals

any metal in Group 2A of the periodic table; magnesium, calcium, and barium are

among the alkaline earth metals

harmful condition in which blood pH stays above 7.4

hydrocarbon having a general formula C(n)H(2n⁺2) whose molecules contain only

single covalent bonds; alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons; all the bonds are

single covalent bonds

hydrocarbon whose molecules contain one or more double covalent bonds;

alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons

hydrocarbon whose molecules contain a triple covalent bond

usually a homogeneous mixture(solution) consisting of atoms of different metals;

although a nonmetal such as carbon may be included; steel, brass, and bronze

are alloys

key structural protein unit of hair; the protein chain conformation is mostly alpha

helix

helium nucleus emitted during radioactive decay; composed of two protons and

two neutrons

alpha particles emitted from a radioactive source

an organic derivative of ammonia

organic compound whose molecules contain an amino (-NH₃) and a carboxyl (-

COOH) group; proteins are polymers of amino acids

enzyme in saliva that catalyzes breakdown of starch to glucose

bacteria that do not require oxygen to live

cellular process for quick release of energy from glucose by non-oxygen-

consuming reactions; lactic acid or ethanol is produced depending on the

organism

the study of the composition of substances

ion possessing a negative charge

electrode at which oxidation occurs in electrochemical cell

complementary protein created by body to inactivate specific foreign protein

molecules (antigens)

foreign protein that triggers body's defense mechanisms to produce antibodies

(aq) a solution in which the solvent is water

porous rock structure that holds water beneath the earth's surface

compound such as benzene, whose molecules are cyclic and can be represented

as having alternating double and single bonds between carbon atoms

all the air surrounding the earth

a unit of pressure, represented by a column of mercury 760 mm high

the pattern of frequencies obtained by passing light emitted by atoms of an

element in the gaseous state through a prism; the emission spectrum of each

element is unique to that element

mass of an atom; atomic mass is the mass in grams of one mole of atoms in

a monatomic element; it is numerically equal to the atomic mass in amu

number of protons in an atom; distinguishes atoms of different elements

smallest particles possessing the properties of an element; all matter is composed

of atoms

equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same

number of molecules

the number of representative particles contained in one mole of a substance;

equal to 6.02 x 10²³ particles

radiation from naturally radioactive sources in the environment

breaking down large organic compounds into simpler smaller compounds

a chemical equation in which mass is conserved; each side of the equation has

the same number of atoms of each element

an instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure

phenolphthalein, turns red litmus paper blue

a group of voltaic cells that are connected together

a test commonly used to detect the presence of aldehydes

electron emitted during radioactive decay

fast-moving electrons (beta particles) emitted from a radioactive source

a compound composed of two elements; NaCl and Al₂O₃ are binary compounds

the study of the composition and changes in composition of living organisms

able to be broken down into simpler substances by bacteria

total dry mass of all organisms in a particular system

large molecules found only in living systems

polymers made by organisms

a combination of portions of the earth's waters, land, and atmosphere that supports

living things

a towerlike furnace in which carbon is used to reduce iron ore to metallic iron

the temperature at which a substance changes from the liquid to the gaseous state

at constant temperature, the product of the pressure and volume of a given gas

sample is a constant

alkane that consists of molecules in which one or more carbon atoms are bonded

to three or four other carbon atoms

an alloy chiefly composed of copper and tin; zinc, lead or other metals may be

added to give it special properties

solution that resists changes in pH; contains a weak acid and a salt of that acid, or

a weak base and its salt

an energy unit used to express food energy; 1 Cal = 1000 cal, or 1 kcal

device for determining heat of reaction or other thermal properties, and for

finding caloric value of foods

technique for determining heat of reaction or other thermal properties, and for

finding caloric value of foods

energy-rich compound composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; examples are

starch and sugar

carbon atoms linked to one another, forming a string-like sequence in a molecule

a functional group having a carbon atom and an oxygen atom joined by a double

bond; it is found in aldehydes, ketones, esters, and amides,

a functional group consisting of a carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group; is it

found in carboxylic acids.

substance that causes cancer

substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but is itself unchanged

reaction chamber in auto exhaust system designed to reduce harmful emissions

in an electrochemical cell, the electrode at which reduction occurs

beam of electrons emitted from cathode when electricity passes through

evacuated tube

ion possessing positive charge

oxidation of glucose or other energy-rich substances in living cells to produce

CO₂, H₂O, and energy

polysaccharide composed of chains of glucose molecules; makes up fibrous and

woody parts of plants

a degree on the Celsius temperature scale, 1.8 as large as a Fahrenheit degree

metric system prefix meaning one one hundredth(1/100)

materials made by heating or "firing" clay or components of certain rocks; include

bricks, glass, and porcelain

in nuclear fission, reaction that produces enough neutrons to allow the reaction to

continue

at constant pressure, the volume of a given gas sample is directly proportional to

the Kelvin temperature

force that holds atoms or ions together in chemical compounds

change in matter resulting in a change in the identity of one or more substances

substance composed of two or more elements that cannot be separated by

physical means

combination of chemical formulas that represent what occurs in a chemical

reaction, such as

2 H₂(g) + O₂(g) --> 2 H₂O(g)

condition when forward and reverse reactions occur at same rate, and

concentrations of all reactants and products remain unchanged

combination of symbols that represents the elements present in a substance with

subscripts showing the number of atoms of each element, for example, the formula

for ammonia is NH₄

property of a substance related to a chemical change undergone by the substance

change in matter in which one or more chemicals are transformed into new or

different chemicals

a one or two letter representation of an element

the study of the structure, properties, and composition of substances, and the

changes that substances undergo.

Clearness of appearance.

number preceding a formula in a chemical equation; specifies the relative number

of units participating in the reaction

molecule or ion that assists an enzyme in performing its function

a property of a solution that depends on the concentration of the solute particles

but is independent of the nature of the particles; boiling point elevation, freezing

point depression, and vapor pressure lowering are colligative properties

mixture containing macro-size particles that are small enough to remain

suspended

method for determining concentration of a solution by observing color intensity

a chemical change in which two or more substances react to form a single new

substance; also called a synthesis reaction.

a relationship describing the behavior of gases that combines Boyle's law, Charles'

law, and Gay-Lusac's law.

burning

a chemical change in which oxygen reacts with another substance, often

producing energy in the form of heat and light

an ion that is common to both salts in a solution; in a solution of both silver nitrate

and silver chloride, Ag⁺ would be a common ion

two or more proteins that, in combination only, include all essential amino acids

a single protein containing adequate amounts of all the essential amino acids

substance composed of two or more elements that cannot be separated by

physical means

quantity of solute dissolved in a specific quantity of solvent or solution

conversion of a substance from a gaseous to the liquid or solid state

polymer formed by condensation reactions; for example, polyester; monomers go

together by loss of smaller molecule such as water

chemical combination of two molecules, accompanied by loss of water or another

small molecule

formula such as CH₃CH₂CH₃, in which symbols are written on same line and

subscripts are used; in contrast to structural formula

the ability of a substance to transmit heat or electricity

material that allows electricity to flow through it

matter is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions

in an experiment, a setup duplicating all conditions except the variable being

tested

in cost-benefit analysis, total cost of controlling a potentially damaging effect

(for example, air pollution)

a ratio of equivalent units used to express the relationship of properties expressed

in different units

happening together; scientists often identify and seek explanation for correlated

events

deterioration or "eating away" of a material

a force that holds two atoms tightly to each other, found when the two atoms share

one or more electron pairs

process in which hydrocarbon molecules from petroleum are converted to smaller

molecules

mass of fissionable material needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction

petroleum as it is pumped from underground

studies of the chemistry and physics of materials and systems at very low

temperatures

flow of electrons

tough outer layer in, for example, hair

an organic compound that contains a hydrocarbon ring

saturated hydrocarbon whose molecules contain carbon atoms joined in a ring

the first theory to relate chemical changes to events to activity at the atomic level

at constant volume and temperature, the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the

sum of the partial pressures of all of the gases present

in cost-benefit analysis, total cost of tangible and intangible damage

objective pieces of information, often the information gathered in experiments

metric system prefix meaning one tenth(1/10)

a chemical change in which a single compound is broken down into two or more

simpler products

a reaction in which hydrogen is lost

alteration of protein shape and function by disruption of folding and coiling in

molecules

ethanol to which a poisonous substance has been added to make it unfit to drink

the mass per unit volume of a given material

inner layer of the skin

fully industrialized nations

nations not fully industrialized

the tendency of molecules and ions to move toward areas of lower concentration

until the concentration is uniform throughout the system

a technique of problem-solving that uses the units that are part of a measurement

to help solve the problem

compound made from two amino acids

compound made from two simple sugars; for instance, maltose and sucrose(made

from two glucose units)

condensed products of distillation

method of separating substance, using differences in their boiling points

bond in which four electrons are shared by two bonded atoms

a chemical change that involves an exchange of positive ions between two

compounds

a commercial voltaic cell in which the electrolyte is a moist paste

in a reverse reaction, the state of product formation occurring at the same rate as

product decomposition

the ability to conduct an electric current

potential for moving or pumping electric charge in an electrical circuit or by an

electrochemical call; measured in volts

device for carrying out electrolysis or producing electricity from a chemical reaction

the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy or electrical energy into

chemical energy; in an electrochemical cell, all electrochemical processes involve

redox reactions

two strips of metal or other conductors serving as contacts between the solution or

molten salt and the external circuit in an electrochemical cell; reaction occurs at

each electrode

use of electrical energy to process metals or their ores

a compound that conducts an electric current in aqueous solution or in the molten

state; all ionic compounds are electrolytes, but most covalent compounds are not

radiation moving at the speed of light, ranging from low-energy cosmic and

gamma rays; includes visible light

use of electrical energy to process metals or their ores

negatively-charged particle present in all atoms

the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of the nucleus of an atom in its

ground state

formula for a substance, in which dots representing the outer electrons in each

atom show the sharing of electron pairs between atoms

all types of radiant energy such as warmth from a fireplace, light reflected off a lake,

X-rays, radio waves, microwaves, color reflected from an object, etc.

tendency of bonded atoms to attract electrons in compounds

deposition of a thin layer of metal on a surface by electrolysis

fundamental chemical substances from which all other substances are made

a formula with the lowest whole-number ratio of elements in a compound; the

empirical formula of hydrogen peroxide, H₂O₂, is HO

the colloidal dispersion of one liquid in another

natural painkillers produced in the brain

a process requiring energy

point during a titration at which the reaction is complete(usually indicated by a

color change)

the capacity for doing work,; it exists in several forms, including chemical, nuclear,

electrical, radiant, mechanical and thermal energies

a region around the nucleus of an atom where an electron is likely to be moving

natural painkillers produced in the brain

catalyst for a biochemical reaction

outer layer of the skin

one of eight amino acids that the human body cannot synthesize; must be included

in the diet

organic compounds containing the --COOR group, where R represents any stable

arrangement of carbon and hydrogen atoms

process of forming esters from alcohols and carboxylic acids with the loss of water

organic compound in which oxygen is bonded to two carbon groups; the general

formula is R-O-R

conversion of a substance from the liquid to the gaseous state

an energy-releasing process

a carefully controlled, repeatable procedure for gathering data to test a hypothesis

estimate of a value beyond the known range (the continuation of a curve on a

graph past the measured points, for example)

vertical column of elements in the periodic table; also called a group;

members of a family share similar properties

lipid resulting from reaction of glycerol and fatty acids; storage form for food energy

in animals

organic compound whose molecules consist of a long hydrocarbon chain and a

-COOH group; combined with glycerol in fats

protein whose molecules form rope-like or sheet-like structures; found in hair,

muscles, skin

liquid collected after filtration

separation of solid articles from a liquid by passing the mixture through a material

that retains the solid particles

the spitting of a nucleus into smaller fragments, accompanied by the release of

neutrons and large amounts of energy

emission of visible light from a material, following its exposure to ultraviolet

radiation

the cause of a body's motion or weight, brought about by its mass and by gravity

group of atoms or ions represented by chemical formula of a compound; simple

unit of an ionic compound

petroleum, natural gas, or coal

mixture of petroleum-derived substances of similar boiling points and other

properties

the temperature at which a substance changes from the liquid to the solid state

number of vibrations or cycles per unit of time

a voltaic cell in which a fuel substance undergoes oxidation to produce electrical

energy

atom or group of atoms that imparts characteristic properties to an organic

compound; -Cl, -OH, or -COOH, for example

a reaction in which two light nuclei combine to produce a nucleus of heavier mass,

accompanied by the release of a large amount of energy

high energy electromagnetic radiation emitted by certain radioactive nuclei;

gamma rays have no mass or electrical charge

high-energy electromagnetic radiation emitted during radioactive decay

matter that has no definite shape or volume; it adopts the shape and volume of its

container

a mixture of gasoline and alcohol used to fuel vehicles

state of matter having no fixed volume or shape

a force resulting from the simultaneous collisions of billions of gas particles on an

object

the pressure of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to the

Kelvin temperature if the volume is kept constant

device that produces an electrical signal in the presence of ionizing radiation

segment of DNA molecule that stores instructions for a specific trait, hair color for

example

an organic compound that differs from another compound only in the geometry of

their substituted groups

protein whose molecules assume ball shapes and are water soluble because of

polar and ionic groups on surface; may function as hormone, enzyme, or carrier

protein

also called glycerine. A three carbon triple alcohol. It is a thick syrupy colorless

liquid.

polymer made of repeating glucose units synthesized in liver and muscles as

reserve source of glucose

SI unit of mass commonly used in chemistry (kilogram is SI base unit of mass)

retention of energy at or near the earth's surface, as carbon dioxide and other

atmospheric gases capture escaping radiation and return it to the earth's surface;

result is surface warming

water that collects underground

vertical column of elements in the periodic table; also called a group;

members of a family share similar properties

industrial process for catalyzed synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen

metal (or other electrode material) and its surrounding solution of ions in a voltaic

cell

time needed for decay of one-half the atoms in a sample of radioactive material

half of oxidation-reduction reaction in which electrons are either lost or gained; for

example, the process that occurs in one half-cell of a voltaic cell

any member of the nonmetallic elements in Group 7A of the periodic table

water containing relatively high concentrations of calcium, magnesium, or iron

ions

the energy that is transferred from one body to another because of a temperature

difference

quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a given sample of matter by

one degree celsius

quantity of thermal energy released when a specific amount of a substance burns

quantity of heat required to convert a specific amount of a solid to a liquid at its

melting point

the heat released or absorbed during a chemical reaction; equivalent to H, the

change in enthalpy

the process in which heat moves from a warm object to a cooler object

metals of high atomic mass, generally from fifth or sixth row of the periodic table

at a given temperature the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to

the pressure of the gas above the liquid

not uniform throughout; as, in a heterogeneous mixture

maintenance of balance in all body systems

uniform throughout; as, in a homogeneous mixture

biomolecule that serves as a specific messenger to stimulate biochemical activity

at specific sites in the body

molecular compounds composed solely of carbon and hydrogen

a process used to make solid shortenings and margarine; it involves adding

hydrogen to an oil at high temperature and pressure in the presence of a catalyst

attraction between molecules, or between parts of the same molecule, involving

hydrogen atoms and strongly electron-attracting atoms such as nitrogen or oxygen

circulation of water between the earth's atmosphere and crust

water-using methods for processing metals or their ores

a device used to measure the specific gravity of a liquid

(H₂O⁺) the positive ion formed when a water molecule gains a hydrogen ion; all hydrogen ions in aqueous solution are present as hydronium ions

a descriptive model used to explain observations

gas that behaves as predicted by kinetic molecular theory

(R) a term in the ideal gas law, which has the value 0,0821 (L x atm)/(K x mol)

the relationship P x V = n x R x T, which describes the behavior of an ideal gas

liquids that are insoluble in one another; oil and water are immiscible

for every 1000 live births, the number of infants that die within their first year

electromagnetic radiation of slightly lower energy than visible light; raises

temperature of objects that absorb it

the study of substances that do not contain carbon

measure of quantity of radiation per unit time

product of chemical industry used to synthesize consumer products or other

chemicals, sulfuric acid is an intermediate in the manufacture of certain

detergents

forces holding molecules together

(SI) the revised version of the metric system, adopted by international agreement

in 1960

inserting a value between the known values in a series (such as reading a part of

a curve between two measured points)

an atom or group of atoms that has become electrically charged by gaining or

losing electrons

a resin that attracts hardwater ions such as Ca 2⁺ and releases another cation,

that has a greater affinity for the resin, such as Na 1⁺ in its place

attraction between oppositely charged ions in an ionic compound

substance composed of ions

electromagnetic radiation or high-speed particles possessing enough energy to

ionize atoms and molecules; emitted during radioactive decay

treatment (of food, for instance) with radiation

compound having the same molecular formula, but a different structural formula,

than another compound

atoms of the same element having different numbers of neutrons

an internationally accepted system of naming compounds proposed by the

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)

(j) the SI unit of energy; 4,184 joules equal 1.000 calorie

vertical column of elements in the periodic table; also called a group;

members of a family share similar properties

lipid resulting from reaction of glycerol and fatty acids; storage form for food energy

in animals

organic compound whose molecules consist of a long hydrocarbon chain and a

-COOH group; combined with glycerol in fats

protein whose molecules form rope-like or sheet-like structures; found in hair,

muscles, skin

liquid collected after filtration

separation of solid articles from a liquid by passing the mixture through a material

that retains the solid particles

the spitting of a nucleus into smaller fragments, accompanied by the release of

neutrons and large amounts of energy

emission of visible light from a material, following its exposure to ultraviolet

radiation

the cause of a body's motion or weight, brought about by its mass and by gravity

group of atoms or ions represented by chemical formula of a compound; simple

unit of an ionic compound

petroleum, natural gas, or coal

mixture of petroleum-derived substances of similar boiling points and other

properties

the temperature at which a substance changes from the liquid to the solid state

number of vibrations or cycles per unit of time

a voltaic cell in which a fuel substance undergoes oxidation to produce electrical

energy

atom or group of atoms that imparts characteristic properties to an organic

compound; -Cl, -OH, or -COOH, for example

a reaction in which two light nuclei combine to produce a nucleus of heavier mass,

accompanied by the release of a large amount of energy

high energy electromagnetic radiation emitted by certain radioactive nuclei;

gamma rays have no mass or electrical charge

high-energy electromagnetic radiation emitted during radioactive decay

matter that has no definite shape or volume; it adopts the shape and volume of its

container

a mixture of gasoline and alcohol used to fuel vehicles

state of matter having no fixed volume or shape

a force resulting from the simultaneous collisions of billions of gas particles on an

object

the pressure of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to the

Kelvin temperature if the volume is kept constant

device that produces an electrical signal in the presence of ionizing radiation

segment of DNA molecule that stores instructions for a specific trait, hair color for

example

an organic compound that differs from another compound only in the geometry of

their substituted groups

protein whose molecules assume ball shapes and are water soluble because of

polar and ionic groups on surface; may function as hormone, enzyme, or carrier

protein

also called glycerine. A three carbon triple alcohol. It is a thick syrupy colorless

liquid.

polymer made of repeating glucose units synthesized in liver and muscles as

reserve source of glucose

SI unit of mass commonly used in chemistry (kilogram is SI base unit of mass)

retention of energy at or near the earth's surface, as carbon dioxoide and other

atmospheric gases capture escaping radiation and return it to the earth's surface;

result is surface warming

water that collects underground

vertical column of elements in the periodic table; also called a group;

members of a family share similar properties

industrial process for catalyzed sythesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen

metal (or other electrode material) and its surrounding solution of ions in a voltaic

cell

time needed for decay of one-half the atoms in a sample of radioactive material

half of oxidation-reduction reaction in which electrons are either lost or gained; for

example, the process that occurs in one half-cell of a voltaic cell

any member of the nonmetallic elements in Group 7A of the periodic table

water containing relatively high concentrations of calcium, magnesium, or iron

ions

the energy that is transferred from one body to another because of a temperature

difference

quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a given sample of matter by

one degree celsius

quantity of thermal energy released when a specific amount of a substance burns

quantity of heat required to convert a specific amount of a solid to a liquid at its

melting point

the heat released or absorbed during a chemical reaction; equivalent to H, the

change in enthalpy

the process in which heat moves from a warm object to a cooler object

metals of high atomic mass, generally from fifth or sixth row of the periodic table

at a given temperature the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to

the pressure of the gas above the liquid

not uniform throughout; as, in a heterogeneous mixture

maintenance of balance in all body systems

uniform throughout; as, in a homogeneous mixture

biomolecule that serves as a specific messenger to stimulate biochemical activity

at specific sites in the body

molecular compounds composed solely of carbon and hydrogen

a process used to make solid shortenings and margarine; it involves adding

hydrogen to an oil at high temperature and pressure in the presence of a catalyst

attraction between molecules, or between parts of the same molecule, involving

hydrogen atoms and strongly electron-attracting atoms such as nitrogen or oxygen

circulation of water between the earth's atmosphere and crust

water-using methods for processing metals or their ores

a device used to measure the specific gravity of a liquid

(H₃O⁺) the positive ion formed when a water molecule gains a hydrogen ion; all hydrogen ions in aqueous solution are present as hydronium ions

(OH–) the negative ion formed when a water molecule loses a hydrogen ion

the —OH functional group present in alcohols

a descriptive model used to explain observations

gas that behaves as predicted by kinetic molecular theory

(R) a term in the ideal gas law, which has the value 0,0821 (L x atm)/(K x mol)

the relationship P x V = n x R x T, which describes the behavior of an ideal gas

liquids that are insoluble in one another; oil and water are immiscible

for every 1000 live births, the number of infants that die within their first year

electromagnetic radiation of slightly lower energy than visible light; raises

temperature of objects that absorb it

the study of substances that do not contain carbon

measure of quantity of radiation per unit time

product of chemical industry used to synthesize consumer products or other

chemicals, sulfuric acid is an intermediate in the manufacture of certain

detergents

forces holding molecules together

(SI) the revised version of the metric system, adopted by international agreement

in 1960

inserting a value between the known values in a series (such as reading a part of

a curve between two measured points)

an atom or group of atoms that has become electrically charged by gaining or

losing electrons

a resin that attracts hardwater ions such as Ca 2⁺ and releases another cation,

that has a greater affinity for the resin, such as Na 1⁺ in its place

attraction between oppositely charged ions in an ionic compound

substance composed of ions

electromagnetic radiation or high-speed particles possessing enough energy to

ionize atoms and molecules; emitted during radioactive decay

treatment (of food, for instance) with radiation

compound having the same molecular formula, but a different structural formula,

than another compound

atoms of the same element having different numbers of neutrons

an internationally accepted system of naming compounds proposed by the

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)

(j) the SI unit of energy; 4,184 joules equal 1.000 calorie

the temperature scale in which the freezing point of water is 273 K and the boiling

point of water is 373 K; 0 K is absolute zero

an organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is joined to two

other carbons; the general formula is RCOR

metric system prefix meaning one thousand(1000)

the mass of one liter of water at 4 degrees Celsius; it is the base unit of mass in

the metric system

energy associated with the motion of an object

theory that accounts for properties of gases based on kinetic energy and constant

random motion of molecules

energy is neither created nor destroyed in an ordinary chemical or physical

process

plants that harbor nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their roots

linear distance; the SI base unit of length is the meter (m)

calcium oxide CaO; it is sometimes called quick lime

the starting substance used up first as a chemical reaction occurs

any reactant that is used up first in a chemical reaction; it determines the amount of

product that can be formed in the reaction

a fat or other member of a class of biomolecules that have a greasy feel and are

not soluble in water

state of matter with fixed volume but no fixed shape

unit of volume; equal to 1000 mL

essential mineral present in amount of 5 g or more in adult human body

a property related to a material's ability to be flattened without shattering

receiving inadequate amounts of essential nutrients such as protein, vitamins,

minerals

amount of matter in something

sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom of a given isotope

anything that takes up space and has mass

body pigment responsible for dark skin and dark hair

(mp) the temperature at which a substance changes from solid to a liquid; the

melting point of water is 0‚C.

region of atmosphere outside stratosphere

one of a class of elements that includes a large majority of the known elements;

metals are characteristically lustrous, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of

heat and electricity

element having certain properties, owing to its position in the left part of the

periodic table

the various procedures used to separate metals from their ores

SI base unit of length

the standards of measurement based on units of 10

bundle of coiled protein chains; a component of hair, for instance

metric system prefix meaning one one thousandth(1/1000)

unit of volume; equal to 1 cm3

a pressure unit; 1 atm=760 mmHg

liquids that will dissolve in each other

combination of substances in which each substance retains its separate identity

concentration of a solution expressed in moles of solute per liter of solution

the thermal energy released by burning one mole of a substance

mass (usually in grams) of one mole of a substance

volume occupied by one mole of a substance; at STP, molar volume of a gas in

22.4 L

concentration of a solution expressed as moles of solute per liter of solution; also

called molar concentration

an amount of substance or chemical species equal to 6.02 X 10²³ units, where the

units may be atoms, molecules , formula units, electrons, or other specified entities;

chemist's "counting" unit

a chemical formula that shows the actual number of and kinds of atoms present in

a molecule of a compound

mass (usually in grams) of one mole of a substance

arrangement and bonding of atoms in a molecule

smallest particle of a substance retaining the properties of the substance; a particle

composed of two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds

compound whose molecules react to form a polymer

simple sugar, such as glucose

a sudden change in the hereditary information that results in a characteristic that is

different from the parental characteristic

drug that relieves intense pain

negative number assigned to atom in a compound when that atom has greater

control of its electrons than as free element

equation showing only those chemicals that participate in a reaction involving ions

in aqueous solution

nerve cell

reaction of an acid with a base, in which the character properties of both are

destroyed

an aqueous solution in which the concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions

are 1.0 x 10^-7 mol/L; it has a pH of 7.0

neutral particle present in nuclei of most atoms

a process used in a nuclear rector to slow down the chain reaction by

decreasing the number of moving neutrons; this is done with control rods made of

a material like cadmium that absorbs neutrons

a unit of force in the metric system; roughly equal to the force exerted on your hand

by a 100-g bar of soap

conversion of nitrogen gas (N₂) to nitrogen compounds usable by plants

any member of a group of gaseous elements in group 0 of the periodic table; the s

and p sublevels of their outermost sublevels are filled

material that does not allow electricity to flow through it

electromagnetic radiation possessing insufficient energy to ionize atoms or

molecules; for example, visible light

element having certain properties, owing to its position in the right part of the

periodic table

having no electrical asymmetry or polarity, as in a nonpolar molecule

weak attraction between nonpolar chemical groups

resource that will not be replenished by natural processes during the time frame of

human experience

splitting of one atom into two smaller atoms; undergone by uranium-235 when

bombarded with neutrons

combining of two atomic nuclei to form a single more massive nucleus

the particles and energy emitted from radioactive atoms

dense central region in an atom; contains all protons and neutrons

components of food needed in the diet

the noting and recording of facts and events

rating indicating combustion quality of gasoline

atoms react by gaining or losing electrons so as to acquire the stable electron

structure of a noble gas, usually eight valence electrons

rock or mineral from which it is profitable to recover a metal or other useful

substance

the study of compounds that contain the element carbon

compound composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms; a hydrocarbon or

a compound derived from a hydrocarbon

any process in which electrons are lost or the extent of electron control decreases

reaction in which oxidation and reduction occur

the substance in a redox reaction that accepts electrons; in the reaction, the

oxidizing agent is reduced

oxygen-containing fuel additives, such as methanol, that increase octane rating

and reduce pollutants

active ingredient in many sunscreen lotions

the pressure exerted by each gas in a gaseous mixture

(Pa) the SI unit of pressure

a surface film or coating, such as the stable green coating on copper exposed to

the atmosphere

enzyme that aids in digesting protein

a chain of amino acids; part of a protein

the bond between the carbonyl group of one amino acid and the nitrogen of the

next amino acid in the peptide chain

charge of the chloride ion

an inward force that tends to minimize the surface area of a liquid; it causes the

surface to behave as if it were covered by a thin skin

water on the surface of the ground

a surface active agent; ant substance whose molecules interface with the

hydrogen bonding between molecules, reducing surface tension; soaps and

detergents are surfactants

mixture containing such large, dispersed particles that it appears cloudy; muddy

water, for instance

a one- or two-letter expression that represents an element; the symbol Na

represents sodium

combination of interactions that produces a total effect greater than the sum of

the individual interactions; for example, combined effect of air pollutants

created industrially from petroleum

water as it comes from the faucet--contains many substances other than water

dissolved in it

application of science to create useful goods and services

degree of hotness or coldness of a substance, as measured on a thermometer; a

measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules of an object

a regular triangular pyramid; the four bonds of each carbon atom in molecules of

alkanes point to the corners of a tetrahedron

the amount of product that could form during a reaction calculated from a balanced

chemical equation; it represents the maximum amount of product that could be

formed from a given amount of reactant

a thoroughly tested model that explains why experiments give certain results

heat

outermost region of the earth's atmosphere

laboratory technique used to determine the concentration of a solution, or the

amount of a substance in a sample

substance harmful to the body

essential mineral present in quantities of less than 5 g in adult human body

radioactive isotope used to follow movement of material; used in medicine to

detect abnormal functioning in body

using radioactive isotopes to follow movement of material; used in medicine to

detect abnormal functioning in body

conversion of one element to another; unknown before discovery of radioactivity

element having an atomic number higher than that of uranium

an ester whose molecules were formed by combination of glycerol with three fatty

acid molecules; a fat

compound made from three amino acids

a covalent bond in which three pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms

region of atmosphere from the earth's surface to 10 km outside it

cloudiness

pattern caused by reflection of light from suspended particles in a colloid

electromagnetic radiation of slightly higher energy than visible; can cause

tissue damage

receiving less food than needed to supply bodily energy needs

fat whose molecules contain carbon-carbon double bonds

hydrocarbon whose molecules contain double or triple bonds; for example,

alkenes, alkynes

solution containing a lower concentration of solute than a saturated solution at

the given temperature

an electron in the highest occupied energy level of an atom

a term used to describe the weakest intermolecular attractions; these include

dispersion forces and dipole interactions

a substance in the gaseous state that is ordinarily (at room temperature) a liquid

or a solid

the conversion of a liquid to a gas at a temperature below its boiling point

measure of a fluid's resistance to flow

electromagnetic radiation visible by human eye

biomolecules needed in small amounts for body function; must be provided in food

or as food supplement

formation of a glasslike substance

electrochemical cell in which a spontaneous chemical reaction is used to produce

electricity

the space occupied by matter

removal from water of ions that cause its hardness (see hard water)

filtering and chemically treating pre-use water to make it safe and aesthetically

pleasing for human consumption

an acid that is only slightly ionized in aqueous solution

a base that does not dissociate completely in aqueous solution

high-energy electromagnetic radiation; normally unable to penetrate bone or lead,

but can penetrate less-dense materials

neither oxidized nor reduced; the state of an uncombined element