Biochemistry

Chapter 4

I.         Water Properties

            A.        Polarity

            B.        Hydrogen bonding

            C.        Temperature moderation

II.        Polarity

            A.        Unbalanced charge distribution

                        1.         O has more protons and pulls more on electrons

                        2.         H end of molecule more positive

            B.        Unshared pairs of electrons push H’s closer

            C.        Charged portions attract atoms or molecules

            D.        Good solvent

III.       Hydrogen Bonding

            A.        Attraction between H and O of adjacent molecules

            B.        Adds to normal force between molecules

            C.        Cohesion: surface tension, stays liquid

            D.        Adhesion: capillarity

IV.      Temperature Moderation

            A.        Extra energy needed to change temperature

            B.        Life only exist in narrow temperature range

            C.        Helps maintain homeostasis

V.        Bonding in Carbon

            A.        4 covalent bonds

            B.        3 types of bonds

            C.        Varied shapes

VI.      Functional Groups

            A.        Cluster of atoms

            B.        Determine function of compound

            C.        Hydroxyl (OH): alcohols

            D.        Aldehydes (CHO)

            E.        Amine (NH₂): amino acids

            F.        Carboxyl (COOH): organic acids

            G.        Phosphates (OPO(OH)₂)

VII.     Polymers

            A.        Large molecules from small building blocks

            B.        Monomer: building blocks

            C.        Condensation reaction

                        1.         Links monomers

                        2.         Produces water

                        3.         Stores energy

            D.        Hydrolysis reaction

                        1.         Breaks polymers

                        2.         Uses water

                        3.         Releases energy

VIII.    ATP Cycle

            A.        ATP Stores energy

            B.        Hydrolysis breaks bond with one phosphate

            C.        Releases energy

            D.        ADP binds with another phosphate to store energy

            E.        Cycle repeats

IX.      Molecules of Life

            A.        Carbohydrates

            B.        Proteins

            C.        Lipids

            D.        Nucleic Acids

X.        Carbohydrates

            A.        Molecules of C and H₂O

XI.      Monosaccharides

            A.        Simple sugar polymer of (CH₂O)

            B.        Crystalline compound

            C.        Soluble in water

            D.        Needs no digestion to be absorbed

            E.        Isomers (pg/ 55)

                        1.         Glucose: hexagon

                        2.         Fructose: pentagon

                        3.         Galactose: hexagon, position of OH’s

XII.     Disaccharides

            A.        2 sugars bonded

            B.        Crystalline compound

            C.        Soluble in water

            D.        Must be hydrolyzed to monosaccharide before absorbed

            E.        Sucrose = glucose + fructose

XIII.    Polysaccharides

            A.        3 or more sugars

            B.        Insoluble

            C.        Not crystalline

            D.        Must be hydrolyzed to monosaccharide before absorbed

            E.        Glycogen:

                        1.         100's of glucose

                        2.         Store energy in liver and muscles

            F.        Starches

                        1.         Branched chains

                        2.         Energy storage in plants

            G.        Cellulose

                        1.         1000's of glucose

                        2.         Straight chains

                        3.         Hydrogen bonds between chains

                        4.         Plant cell walls and structure of plants

XIV.   Proteins

            A.        Polymers of amino acids

            B.        Contain C, H, O, and N

            C.        Primary structure: linear sequence of amino acids

            D.        Secondary structure: regular recurring arrangement of amino acids

            E.        Tertiary structure: folding and bending

                        1.         Responsible for biologic activity

XV.     Amino Acid

            A.        Central carbon

            B.        Amine group (NH₂₎

            C.        Carboxyl group (COOH)

            D.        Each has different functional group

                        1.         Produces shape

                        2.         Determines specific properties

XVI.   Peptide Bond

            A.        Link between amino acids

            B.        Condensation reaction, joins amino acids

            C.        Hydrogen bond bends molecules

XVII.  Enzymes

            A.        Proteins that act as catalyst

            B.        Shape of protein most important

            C.        Enzyme fits substrate like lock and key

            D.        Lowers activation energy

            E.        Releases product

            F.        Repeats cycle

XVIII. Lipids

            A.        Large, non-polar hydrocarbons

            B.        Store energy in C-H bonds

            C.        Insoluble

XIX.   Fatty Acids

            A.        Unbranched chain of 12-28 C

            B.        Carboxyl at one end - hydrophilic

            C.        Chain is hydrophobic

            D.        Saturated if only single bonds

XX.     Triglycerides

            A.        Glycerol with three fatty acids

            B.        Oils: liquid at room temperature

                        1.         Unsaturated

                        2.         In seeds and fruit

                        3.         Store energy for sprouting plants

            C.        Fats: solid at room temperature

                        1.         Saturated

                        2.         Found in animals

                        3.         Store energy

            D.        Phospholipids

                        1.         Glycerol with 2 fatty acids, phosphate and N-compound

                        2.         Form cell membranes

                                    a.         Stable

                                    b.         Impermeable

XXI.   Waxes

            A.        Long chain fatty acid with long chain alcohol

            B.        Waterproof

            C.        Protective coating

XXII.  Steroids

            A.        Four carbon rings joined (tetracyclic)

            B.        Insoluble

            C.        Act as hormones

            D.        Venoms and poisons

            E.        Part of nerve cells

XXIII. Nucleotides

            A.        Pentose

            B.        Phosphate

            C.        Nitrogen containing base

            D.        Adenosine monophospate

                        1.         Adenine

                        2.         Ribose

                        3.         Phosphate

                        4.         Base molecule of ATP

XXIV. Nucleic Acids

            A.        Chains of nucleotides (pg 54)

                        1.         Phosphate

                        2.         Ribose

                        3.         Base with nitrogen

            B.        DNA

                        1.         Adenine (A), thymine (T), Cytosine (C), guanine (G)

                        2.         A always bonds to T and C to G

                        3.         Carries genetic code

                        4.         Controls operation

                        5.         Controls development

                        6.         Controls reproduction

            C.        RNA

                        1.         Adenine (A), uracil (U), Cytosine (C), guanine (G)

                        2.         A bonds to U and C to G

                        3.         Reads code

                        4.         Transfers code to ribosome

                        5.         Proteins built at ribosomes