Classification

Chapter 18

I.         Linnaeus

            A.        Hierarchical system

            B.        Based on morphology and phylogeny

II.        Levels of system

            A.        Kingdom

            B.        Phylum or Division

            C.        Class

            D.        Order

            E.        Family

            F.        Genus

            G.        Species

III.       Binomial Nomenclature

            A.        Genus - capitalized

            B.        Species - lower case

            C.        Names Latin or Latinized

            D.        Written in italics or underlined

IV.      Subdivisions of Species

            A.        Plants - varieties

            B.        Animals - subspecies

            C.        Microorganisms - strain

V.        Modern - Systematics

            A.        Organized in context of evolutionary relationships

            B.        Phylogenetic tree shows relationships

            C.        Analyze morphology for relationships both modern and old

            D.        Analyze chromosomes and macromolecules

VI.      Fossil Record

            A.        Organizing framework

            B.        Separate homologues from analogues

            C.        Degree of shared homologues indicate degree of relationship

VII.     Embryological Development

            A.        Patterns of development indicate relationship

VIII.    Blastopore

            A.        Zygote forms blastula (hollow ball of cells)

            B.        Blastula forms indentation (blastopore)

            C.        Most animals blastopore forms mouth

            D.        Echinoderms and chordates forms anus

IX.      Twins

            A.        Most animals split embryo dies

            B.        Echinoderms and chordates split embryo forms twins

X.        Chromosomes and Macromolecules

            A.        RNA, DNA, proteins

            B.        Study amino acid sequences in common proteins

            C.        Differences give clue to split from common ancestor

            D.        Good for sequence, large margin of error for time

            E.        Compare karotypes for chromosome structure

XI.      Modern - Cladistics

            A.        Study of derived characteristics

                        1.         Feature that evolved only within a specific group

            B.        Used to group animals

            C.        Cladogram drawn to show shared characteristics (page 346)

XII.     Six Kingdom System: Archaebacteria (old bacteria)

            A.        Unicellular prokaryotes

            B.        Chemosynthesize

            C.        Anaerobic

            D.        Binary fission with conjugation

            E.        Methanogens

                        1.         Metabolize CO₂, H₂, and alcohols

                        2.         Produce methane and ATP

            F.        Halophiles

                        1.         Live in high saline environment

                        2.         Make ATP by aerobic pathways

            G.        Theromophiles

                        1.         Environment >80ºC

                        2.         Anaerobic respiration using sulfur compounds

XIII.    Eubacteria (true bacteria)

            A.        Unicellular prokaryotes

            B.        Aerobic

            C.        Photosynthesize or heterotrophs

            D.        Binary fission with conjugation

            E.        30 minutes per generation allows rapid response to environment

XIV.   Protista

            A.        Single celled eukaryotes

            B.        May form colonies

            C.        May share characteristics of plants, animals and fungi

XV.     Fungi

            A.        Multi-celled Heterotrophs

            B.        Absorb nutrients from rotted material

            C.        Reproduce sexually or asexually depending on conditions

            D.        Mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts, mildew

XVI.   Plantae

            A.        Multi-celled autotrophs

            B.        Most live on land

            C.        Sexual reproduction with meiosis

            D.        Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants

XVII.  Animalia

            A.        Multicellular heterotrophs

            B.        Symmetrical body organization

            C.        Move about environment

            D.        Sexual reproduction with meiosis

XVIII. Three (3) Domain System

            A.        Based on molecular biology

            B.        Domain Archea: archaebacteria

            C.        Domain Bacteria: eubacteria

            D.        Domain Eukaryia

                        1.         Protists

                        2.         Fungi

                        3.         Plantae

                        4.         Animalia