1. Introduction to Chemistry
2. What is Science
a. Search for understanding
b. Make order out of chaos
3. What is Chemistry
a. The study of the structure and properties of matter
b. We will:
i. Study matter and transformations
ii. Learn laws and theories
iii. NOT memorize elements
4. Scientific Thought: Observation
a. Use of senses
b. Gather facts
c. Organize facts
5. Scientific Thought: Hypothesis
a. Based on observation
b. Testable
c. Tentative description or explanation
6. Scientific Thought: Experiment
a. Sole judge of truth
b. Test of hypothesis
c. Controls
d. Constants
e. Independent variable
f. Dependent variable
7. Scientific Thought: Conclusions
a. Based on results of experiment
b. Theory: explanation
c. Law: description
d. May evolve
8. Law
a. Organizes facts
b. Describes patterns
c. Allows for predictions
9. Theory
a. Framework to explain
b. Allows for predictions
10. Why Study Chemistry
a. Learn fundamental models of nature
b. Perspectives on current events
c. Appreciate life’s mysteries
d. Problem solving skills
11. Milk Lab
a. Minute lab on page 11
b. Work in triples
c. Prepare lab report
12. Lab Report
a. Title Page
b. Materials
c. Procedures
d. Observations and Data
e. Results and Conclusions
f. Answers to questions
13. Problem Solving
a. Read carefully
b. Identify concepts involved
c. Solve for unknown values
d. Substitute known values and solve
e. Does answer make sense
14. Measurement
a. Quantitative description of properties
b. Dimension: the property
c. Each measurement has:
i. Magnitude
ii. Unit
15. Systéme Internationale
a. International standard
b. Governed by CIGM/BIPM
c. Outgrowth of metric system
16. Definitions
a. Fundamental: a unit or dimension measured directly
b. Derived: a unit or dimension calculated from fundamentals
17. SI Dimension: Mass
a. Amount of matter (or inertia)
b. Fundamental
c. Unit: kilogram (kg)
d. The size of a block of metal
e. A constant value
18. SI Dimension: Weight
a. Effect of gravity on mass
b. Derived: Fw=mg
c. Unit: Newton (kg•m/s2)
d. Varies with radius of Earth
19. SI Dimension: Length
a. Separation between points
b. Fundamental
c. Unit: meter (m)
d. Based on distance light travels in 1/300,000,000 seconds
20. SI Dimension: Time
a. Duration of an event
b. Fundamental
c. Unit: second (s)
d. Based on vibration of atoms
21. SI Dimension: Temperature
a. Average kinetic energy in an object
b. Fundamental
c. Unit: Kelvin (K)
d. Zero point in zero kinetic energy (same for all substances)
22. SI Dimension: Quantity of Matter
a. Count of the number of particles present
b. Fundamental
c. Unit: Mole (mol)
d. 6.022 x1023 particles
23. SI Dimension: Density
a. How much mass in unit volume
b. Derived: Mass/Volume
c. Unit:
i. g/cm3
ii. kg/m3
d. Unique for each material
24. Unit Conversion
a. Set up equality with different units
b. Make equality a fraction with desire unit as numerator
c. Multiply given unit by conversion fraction
25. Precision
a. Refinement of measurement
b. Last digit always an estimate
c. Smaller divisions give more precise measurements
26. Significant Figures
a. Indication of precision
b. Digits other than 0 are significant
c. Final 0's after decimal are significant
d. 0’s between digits are significant
e. Leading 0's are never significant
27. Scientific Notation
a. Form: A x 10b
b. 1<A<10
i. Move decimal so A in proper range
ii. A shows only significant digits
c. b is number of places moved
i. Minus sign if number between 0 and 1
ii. Plus sign if number >1
28. Use in Mathematics
a. Carry out operations on A
b. Keep x10 unchanged
c. Carry out operations on b
d. Ensure A in range and adjust b if needed
29. Why Graph
a. Analyze data to:
i. Spot relationships
ii. Discover trends
iii. Extrapolate/Interpolate data
b. Line graph: trends
c. Bar graph: compare counts or size
d. Circle graph: part of whole
30. Construction of Graphs
a. Position of variables
b. Selection of scales
c. Labels
d. Titles
31. Graphical Analysis
a. Linear relationship
i. Y= mx + b
b. Parabolic relationship
i. Y = kx
32. Graphical Analysis
a. Direct Relationship
i. Independent and dependent variables change in same direction
b. Inverse Relationship
i. Independent and dependent variables change in opposite directions
33. Problem 1
a. During a lab experiment the temperature of a gas, in a balloon, is varied and the volume of the balloon is measured.
34. Problem 2
a. Data are plotted on a graph and the dependent variable has the same value for each value of the independent variable.
35. Problem 3
a. P = ½ mv2/t
36.