1. The Science of Matter
2. What is Chemistry
a. Chemistry is the science that investigates the structure and properties of matter.
3. Definitions
a. Matter: anything with space and mass
b. Mass: amount of inertia/matter
c. Material: specific kind of matter
d. Properties: characteristics, behavior, changes
4. Definitions
a. Structure:
i. What it is made of
ii. How it is organized
b. Qualitative: what is present
c. Quantitative: how much is present
5. Classifying Matter
a. Composition
i. Substance:
(1) Unique, fixed composition
(2) Unique, fixed properties
ii. Mixture
(1) Variable composition
(2) Individual substances keep properties
6. Mixtures
a. 2 or more substances
b. Variable composition
c. Basic identities not changed
d. Properties not changed
e. Do not interact
7. Separation of mixtures
a. Use physical properties
i. Boiling
ii. Filtering
iii. Freezing
iv. Crystallization
v. Solubility
vi. Density
8. Types of Mixtures
a. Solution
i. Homogeneous
ii. Solvent
iii. Solute
iv. Alloy
v. Aqueous
9. Phase
a. Physically separate regions
b. Uniform properties in region
c. Definite boundary (interface) to region
10. State of Matter
a. Particle arrangement in a phase
i. Solid: rigid with pattern
ii. Glass: rigid without pattern
iii. Liquid: particles able to slide
iv. Gas: particles free to move
11. Types of Mixtures
a. Heterogeneous
i. Non uniform
ii. Multiple phases
12. Substances: Elements
a. Homogeneous
b. Simplest form of complex matter
c. Unique properties
d. Periodic table
13. Substances: Compounds
a. 2 or more elements
b. Chemically combined in fixed ratio
i. Moles
c. Unique properties
14. Chemical Formulas
a. Elements
b. Number of atoms
c. Ratio of moles/atoms
15. Identifying Matter
16. Physical Properties
a. Observed without chemical change
17. Intensive Properties
a. Independent of amount of matter
b. Used to identify substances
i. Phase change points
ii. Density
iii. Color
iv. Hardness
18. Extensive Properties
a. Dependent on amount of matter
i. Mass
ii. Length
iii. Mass
19. Physical Change
a. Does not make new substance
i. Changing shape
ii. Cutting
iii. Change of state
iv. Dissolving
v. Distillation
20. Chemical Properties
a. Observed only when composition changes
b. Describe the ability to react
i. Stability
ii. Reaction with O2
iii. Acid/base reactions
iv. Reaction with water
21. Chemical Change
a. Also called chemical reaction
b. Produces new substance
c. Signs of reaction
i. Precipitate
ii. Gas
iii. Color change
iv. Energy changes
22. Definitions
a. System: a defined collection of matter, forces, and energy
b. Surroundings: everything else
23. Energy Changes
a. Occur between system and surroundings
i. Transfer of energy
ii. Conversion of energy
24. Transfer of Energy
a. Heat: change in temperature
b. Work: motion
c. Bonding: chemical bonds formed or broken
25. Activation Energy
a. Energy needed to start a reaction
b. May be internal or external
26. Exothermic Reaction
a. Energy released to surroundings
b. Products have lower energy level
c. Surroundings have higher energy level
d. Low activation energy
27. Endothermic Reaction
a. Energy absorbed by system
b. Products have higher energy level
c. Surroundings have lower energy level
d. High activation energy
28. Energy from Food
a. Photosynthesis:
i. Endothermic: store energy of Sun
ii. Release oxygen
b. Digestion:
i. Exothermic: release energy stored in sugars
ii. Produce carbon dioxide