APA STYLE GUIDE

Adapted from:
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. and Online Writing Lab, Purdue University

Revised by John Walton , February 14, 2008

General Guidlines:

Your paper will be typed double spaced using the 12 pt Times New Roman font. Use 1" margins on all sides. Each page will have a header in the upper right hand corner. To create the header type the first 2 or 3 words of the title, 5 spaces, then insert the page number. In general your writing should be active and in third person.

Sections of Paper:

Title Page: The title page will include the page header. Centered vertically and horizontally, type your full title, your name, your affiliation (Brunswick Academy), and the date you type your paper.

Abstract: Begin a new page. The abstract will include the page header. Center the word “Abstract” on the first line of the page. Write a concise one paragraph summary of the key points of your research. The paragraph should give a brief description of the topic being investigated and the results of the investigation. The abstract should be written after the rest of the paper is finished.

Body of the Paper: Begin a new page. All pages of the body will include the page header. Type the name of your paper centered on the first line. Begin the introduction on the second line of the page with the side heading “Introduction”. The introduction informs the reader of the research question, why it is important, and what makes your report unique.

Being the next line with the side heading “Summary of Research”. The summary of research summarizes the information found in your references. Your paper could describe a phenomenon, review an existing theory, or present a new one based on your references. You could critically evaluate different theories or hypotheses accounting for the same data. Whatever your purpose the goal is to organize, integrate, and evaluate previous research in order to clarity a particular problem or issue.

Begin the next line with the side heading “Conclusions”. The conclusions should summarize the key points of your research. You should try to identify relationships, inconsistencies, gaps, and contradictions in the research. Your conclusion should end with a hypothesis that accounts for your research.

Reference Page: Center the word “References” on the first line. Follow the instructions in the reference page part of this guide to prepare the entries.

DOCUMENTATION GUIDLINES

The information presented in a report, written or oral, must be supported by references. You must document the source of ideas, facts, and information that is not your own. The reference list at the end of the report documents your sources and provides the necessary information to identify and retrieve each source. Only the sources that were cited in the the report should be in your reference list. This is similar to the MLA "Works Cited" page. APA does not use a "Works Consulted" page which documents works used for background or for further reading.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS:

In APA style sources are cited using the author's last name and the copyright year, in parentheses, within the text of your paper. Within a paragraph you need not repeat the references to an author's work as long as it cannot be confused with other works cited in the article.

A. A typical citation of an entire work consists of the author's name and the year.

Example:
Water and oil are polar opposites in their reactions with sugar (Taylor, 1990).

Use only the last name in both first and subsequent citations, except when there is more than one author with the same last name. In that case, use the last name and the first initial.

B. When the author is named in the text, only the year is cited.

Example:
According to Issac Newton (1632), the force of gravity. . .

C. If both the name of the author and the date are used in the text, a parenthetical reference is not necessary.

Example:
In a 1889 article, Thompson explains the electron's . . .

D. Specific citations of pages or chapters follow the year.

Example:
Max Planc "expressed increasing understanding of the quantum nature of light" (Einstein, 1905, p. 11).

E. When the work is by two authors, cite both names each time the reference appears.

Example:
Hydrogen bonding theory often has been used to explore patterns of protein folding (Smoot & Brower, 1983) . . . Smooot and Brower (1983) also demonstrate. . .

F. When the work is by three to five authors, cite all the authors the first time the reference appears. In a subsequent reference, use the first author's last name followed by et al. (meaning "and others").

Example of a subsequent reference:
Patterns of byzantine mosaics have been found in the cathedral of Ravenna, Italy(DaVinci et al., 1997)

When a work by six or more authors, use only the first author's name followed et al. in the first and all subsequent reference. The only exceptions to this rule are when some confusion might result because of similar names or the same author being cited. In that case, cite enough authors so that the distinction is clear.

G. When the work has no author, cite the first two or three words of the title followed by the year. Italicize or underline the title of a periodical or book and use double quotation marks around the title of an article or chapter.

Examples:

...on calculator use ("TI World", 1992)

... in the book Calculator Use (1991). .

H. When the reference is to a work by a corporate author, use the name of the organization as the author.

Example:
Students only wear shorts the first and last grading periods.(Brunswick Academy, 2002).

I. Personal communications such as letters, telephone calls, interviews, class handouts and other material that cannot be retrieved by a reader are not listed in References but are cited in the text.

Example:
Mr. Walton (telephone conversation, August 31, 2002) confirmed that the assignment was due the fifteenth of November.

J. Parenthetical references may mention more than one work, particularly when ideas have been summarized after drawing from several sources. Multiple citations should be arranged as follows.

Examples:

            ○          List two or more works by the same author in order of the date of publication:
(Gould, 1987, 1989)

            ○          Differentiate works by the same author and with the same publication date by adding an identifying letter to each date:
(Bloom, 1987a, 1987b)

            ○          List works by different authors in alphabetical order by last name, and use semicolons to separate the references:
(Gould, 1989; Smith, 1983; Tutwiler, 1989).

REFERENCE PAGE:

A. The reference page is single spaced, with a 5 space hanging indent. There should be a blank line between entries. It list will be in alphabetical order by author's surnames. With names including "de", "von", etc., those names should be alphabetized according to the rules of the language from which they originate. If the reference has no author use, the name of the organization publishing the reference, or the title of the document. Alphabetize by the first significant word in the title. If no copyright date is given use (n.d.) to indicate no date given.

Reference list entries follow this basic format:

Author.(Copyright Date).Title.Publisher or Locating Information

B. Specific Examples

1. Periodicals

            ○          Author.(copyright year).Title of article.Title of Periodcial, volume number(issue number), pages.

            ○          

Doyle, P. (1977). Management of the whitetail deer. Journal of Wildlife Management, 28(2), 51-55.

2. Books
Author.(copyright year).Title of book.City of Publisher: Publisher

            ○          Entire books
Emiliani, C. (1995).The scientific companion.New York: Wiley and Sons

            ○          Article or chapter within a book
Pauli, W.(1929). The exclusive electron, In Rutherford,E. (Ed.), The story of the atom (pp. 333-350). Toronto: Paul H. Brookes.

            ○          Organization as Author
American Cancer Society.(2004).Cancer Cures.New York: American Cancer Society.

3. Technical and research reports
Author.(copyright year).Title of Report.Source of report.
Walton, J. (1999). The role of lasers in physics education. In Viriginia Department of Education (Ed.), Schooling rural students: A theoretical framework. Lawrenceville: Brunswick Academy.

4. Proceedings of Meetings and Symposiums
Author.(copyright year).Title of Paper.Name, location, and date of meeting

Olson, D. R., & Hildyard, A. (1980). Literacy and the comprehension of science. . Paper presented May 16, 1947 at the Conference on the Development and Use of Science, Biefefeld, Germany.

5. Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses
Author.(copyright year).Title of Dissertation.University dissertation done for.

Palmore, J.T. (2002). Spoken and written bass baits. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.

6. Unpublished Manuscripts and Publications of Limited Circulation
Author.(copyright year).Title.Location and availability of manuscript.

Rich, A. (2003). Unpopular attitudes towards taking chemistry tests.. Unpublished manuscript available from Aaron Rich at Brunswick Academy.

7. Translations and Non-English Text
Author,(copyright year).Title.(Translator or Translation of Title).Publishers City:Publisher. <br.

            ○          Translation:Freud, S. (1920). A general introduction to psychoanalysis (J. Riviere, Trans.). New York: Pocket Books.

            ○          Non-English Text:Raynaud de Lage, G. (1975). Introduction a l'ancien science (9e ed.). [Introduction to Old Science (9th ed.)]. Paris: Societe d'Edition d'Enseignement Superieur.

8. Reviews and Interviews

Reviews should indicate the medium (book, film, etc.) being reviewed within the brackets.

            ○          Book review:Latham, J. (2003). [Review of the book Issues in Physics Study by Brandi Maitland]. Physics Learning 34(3),175-188

            ○          Published Interview:Smith, M.(2002)[Interview with Brandon Moseley}. Journal of Small Red Cars 10(5),57-90.

9. Non-Print Media
Author or Director.(copyright year).Title.Publisher City: Publisher.

            ○          Film:Spielberg, S.(2002). Minority report [Film].Tokyo: Films, Ltd.

            ○          Audio Recording:Feline,C. (1997). The growth of cats (Cassette Recording No. 222). New York: Feline Associates.

10. Electronic Media:
Author.(copyright year).title.Retrieval date and source of information.

            ○          On-Line Database:Moseley,K (1929). X-ray diffraction and the periodic table. Retrieved 31 August 1945 from SIRS database on the world wide web: www.sirs.com

            ○          CD-ROM:Mendeleev, D. (1889). A new periodic table. Retrieved 16 September 2004 from SIRS database (SIRS Science Reporter, CD-ROM, Fall 1999 release).

            ○          World Wide Web:Thompson, J. (1898). Discovery of the electron. Retrieved January 21, 2003 from http://www.oxford.ac.uk/physics/atoms/electrons.html.

            ○          World Wide Web without author:Science Project Guide.(2005).Retrieved 1/6/2005 form http://geocities.datacellar.net/jwaltontoo/projects/projgid.html.

            ○          No Copyright Date: Smith.Z. (n.d.)Effects of lack of work on success. Retrieved 02/29/2008 from http://www.snooze.org/closedeyes/rest/lack of work.htm.