Kishinev: 1999, 241 p.
Mineralogical composition of main soils of Moldova is investigated. Both traditional methods of investigation and author's elaborations are applied. It is estimated the parameters of mineralogical composition of soils and rocks and its change in the processes of weathering and pedogenesis and as action of anthropogen factors (irrigation, fertilization, etc.). Necessity of principle and possibility of soil mapping based on mineralogical composition are demonstrated. Samples of these maps are presented. Characteristics of main soils on subject of natural reserves of potassium, their genesis and evolution are given. Limitations upon quality of irrigational waters in connection with features of composition of clay minerals are presented. Main factors and processes, affecting properties of mineralogy of Moldova soils, are exposed. Their geological and soil origin is demonstrated. Processes of pedogenesis themselves are the different forms of the common eluvial process which is resulting in decomposition of practically all minerals and relative quartz accumulation. The eluvial process is developing by stages from younger to more ancient soils.
This book is intended for specialists in the field of soil minerology, soil
scientists, geologists, agrochemists, ameliorators, ecologists and also for
teachers and students.
© V.E. Alekseyev, 1999
CONTENTS FOREWORD OF THE EDITOR 5 INTRODUCTION 6 PART 1. SOIL-GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL- GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF REGION 9 1.1. Soil cover 9 1.2. Superficial sedimentary rocks: age and connection with modern geography of soils 9 PART 2. DIAGNOSTICS METODS OF APPROACH OF PRINCIPLE AND NEW METHODICAL WORKING OUT IN DIAGNOSTIC OF MINERAL AND SOIL PROCESSES 13 2.1. Investigation of silicate fraction of soils 14 2.2. Conjucated investigation of primary and ciay minerals 14 2.3. Method of deep fractionation of silicate part of soils and rocks 14 2.4. Method of quantitative analysis of primary minerals 15 2.5. Quantitative evaluation of clay minerals 16 2.6. Mineralogical criteria of evaluation of uniformity of parent rock 17 2.7. Method and mineralogical criteria of diagnostic of podzolization, lessivage and clayization 18 2.8. Method of determination of balance of silicate minerals under weathering and pedogenesis 20 2.9. Illite-smectite indexes as criteria of intensity and tension of eluvial process 22 PART 3. PARAMETERS PARAMETERS OF MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS AND ITS TRANSFORMATION UNDER WEATHERING AND PEDOGENESIS 24 3.1. Parent rocks 24 3.1.1. Composition of minerals 24 3.1.2. Granulometry and mineralogy 26 3.1.3. Parent rocks as weathering crusts 30 3.2. Zonals soils 33 3.2.1. Forest soils 33 3.2.1.1.Status of studying of mineralogical composition 33 3.2.1.2.Mineralogic and elemental composition, their changes under pedogenesis 34 3.2.1.3.Balance of primary and clay minerals 43 3.2.1.4.Ratio of processes podzolization, lessivage and clayzation 51 3.2.2. Chernozems 56 3.2.2.1.Status of studying of mineralogical composition 56 3.2.2.2.Mineralogical and elemental composition, their changes under pedogenesis 58 3.2.2.3.Balance of primary and clay minerals 70 3.2.2.4.Calcareous minerals 83 3.2.2.5.Processes of transformation of silicate part 89 3.3. Azonal soils 95 3.3.1. Rendzines 95 3.3.2. Compacted soils 96 3.3.2.1.Chernosems compact 97 3.3.2.2.Alluvial compact soils 101 3.3.3. Solonetzes 104 3.4. Soils in erosional-deluvial sequences 108 3.5. Alluvial soils 114 3.6. Parameters of anthropogenic transformation of soil mineralogy. Reserves of potassium 121 3.6.1. Irrigation of soils. Laboratory modelling 122 3.6.2. Illitization as form of nonexchange fixation of potassium from fertilisers 126 3.6.3. Mineralogical composition and reserves of potassium 128 3.7. Soil mapping on base of soil mineralogy 137 PART 4. FACTORS AND PROCESSES THE MAIN FACTORS AND PROCESSES WHICH FORM MINERALOGY OF REGION SOILS 148 4.1. Geological factors and processes 148 4.2. Soil processes 153 4.2.1. Export of carbonates 154 4.2.2. Physical dispergation, chemical and structural dispergational transformation and dissolution of silicates 156 4.2.3. Illitization 162 4.2.4. Clayization and its compounds 167 4.2.5. Lessivage 171 4.2.6. Podzolization. The problem of its interpretation. Eluvial process 172 4.3. Types and species of mineralogical zonality 179 4.4. Prognosis of change of some features of soils in connection with evolution of their mineralogical composition and utilization 182 SUMMARY 186 ANNEX 191 BIBLIOGRAPHY 210
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