(SOCIAL SCIENCE)
Objective:
In this unit of study, students
will be able to consider the cultural and physical geographic concepts of the
Western Pacific Rim and how the idea of cross cultural exchange through pop
culture has influenced the Islands of Japan, Philippines, Papua/New Guinea and
Samoa. Through their research and
studies, students will become culturally aware to the diverse world around us. Students will construct a “Pop-Culture
Travel Brochure” which will include various maps, case studies and influential
ideas of cultural exchange throughout the Western Pacific Rim. These travel brochures will be displayed
during the cultural awareness fair at the end of the unit in a travel agency
booth that the students will run during the event.
During the fist week of
instruction, students will become familiar with the ideas of cultural exchange
and focus on the elements of physical and cultural aspects of the geography of
Japan. Students will compare and contrast
the elements of Japanese hip-hop with hip-hop in the United States and provide
a synopsis of how hip-hop has had a major influence in Japan. The Second Week of instruction, Students
will look into the geography of the Philippines and reveal the elements of
graffiti in the urban environments throughout the Philippines. Students will create their own graffiti in
class that incorporates an aspect of Filipino culture. During the third week, students will see
the impact that physical geography has on the emergence of cultural and
linguistic diversity in Papua/New Guinea.
Students will do a compare and contrast exercise of west coast and east
coast rap in the United States and associate the differences of the two genres
in accordance to physical geography and how it relates to the cultural
diversity of Papua/New Guinea. The
fourth week closes the unit with a study of the physical and cultural aspects
of Samoa. Students will study the rites
of passage of youth in Samoa through the art of the tattoo. Students will construct their own tattoos (on
paper) and write a synopsis of how their tattoos represent cultural identity
within Samoa. Students will also
compare and contrast ideas of the tattoo between Samoa and the United
States.
With these exercises, students will
use numerous pedagogical techniques through oral and written communication, use
of technology in research, visual and auditory exercises, reading
comprehension, critical thinking through compare and contrast, and also
creative processes through art and presentations.
ASSESSMENT:
In Class Assignments (Group Work): 25%
Class Participation: 15%
Culminating Event (Travel Brochure and Booth): 40%
|
Monday |
Tuesday |
Wednesday |
Thursday |
Friday |
Week
1 |
Objective: Students will be able to define
globalization and cross-cultural exchange.
Students will be able to locate the Western Pacific Rim. Students will be able to use the hip-hop circuit
as a tool for research. |
Objective:
Students will be able to locate the different islands of Japan. Students will be able to list, illustrate
and describe the physical features of Japan’s geography. |
Objective:
Students will be able to explain the significant aspects of Japanese culture. Students will be able to identify the qualities of traditional
Japanese music. |
Objective:
Students will be able to define cross-cultural exchange and be able to
explain social influences of American Hip Hop in Japan. Students will be able to compare and contrast
between Hip Hop in Japan and Hip Hop in the United States. |
Objective: Students will be able to summarize the
cultural exchange and impact of popular culture in Japan. Students will
be able to organize and present their works regarding Japanese popular
culture. |
|
Topic:
Welcome to the Pacific Rim:
Introduction to the thematic unit. |
Topic: The
Geography of Japan: Introduction of Japan and its physical geographic
characteristics. |
Topic:
Japan: Culture, Customs and Current Events. |
Topic: Pop
Culture: Cultural Diversity and Cross-cultural Exchange. |
Topic: The
Tourist Experience: Travel to Japan! |
|
Literacy Aspect: Students will use oral communication and critical thinking skills in
addressing topics of the Western Pacific Rim. Students will expand upon technology through the use of the
computer and internet, using the Hip Hop Circuit website as a tool for
research. |
Literacy Aspect: Students will develop their writing and reading comprehension skills by working
with their textbooks. Students will exercise
their visual and written communication skills by developing geographic maps of Japan. |
Literacy Aspect: Students will build upon their critical thinking, oral
communication and auditory skills by researching and defining
aspects of Japanese culture and listening to Japanese music. |
Literacy Aspect: Students will enhance their oral communication and
critical thinking skills through open discussion of Hip Hop music in Japan
and the U.S. through compare and contrast. |
Literacy Aspect: Students will gain organization skills through designing and
constructing their pop-culture travel brochures. Building upon writing development through one page summary of
the physical and cultural geography of Japan. |
|
Monday |
Tuesday |
Wednesday |
Thursday |
Friday |
Week 2 |
Objective:
Students will be
able to locate the Philippines on the global map. Students will be able to illustrate the physical geography and
locales of cities of the Philippines by making their own maps. |
Objective: Students will be able to analyze
the effects of colonization by Spain and the U.S. in the Philippines. Students will be able to list elements of
cultural exchange and impact of colonizers on the people of the Philippines. |
Objective: Students will be able to research
aspects of dress, dance, religion, language and the arts. Students will be able to write about the
cultural aspects of the Philippines. |
Objective: Students
will be able to compare and contrast between graffiti in the U.S. and the
Philippines. Students will be able to
design their own graffiti and link it to a cultural aspect of the
Philippines. |
Objective:
Students will be
able to organize their maps, written summaries and graffiti projects into
their pop-culture travel brochures. |
|
Topic: Welcome to the Philippines:
Physical characteristics and urban cities of the Philippines. |
Topic: Colonization and its impact in
the Philippines. |
Topic: Social and cultural aspects of
the Philippines. |
Topic: Tag It Up: The art of graffiti in
the Philippines. |
Topic: Travel to the Philippines: Review
of the Philippines and construction of pop-culture travel brochures. |
|
Literacy
Aspect: Students
will gain geographic literacy, artistic and written development by
artistically illustrating a map of the Philippines. Research skills in using
global maps to find the location of the Philippines. |
Literacy
Aspect: Builds
students’ reading comprehension through use of textbooks. Development of critical thinking skills
through comparing and contrasting cultural exchange of colonizers and the
colonized. Writing skills in listing elements of cultural exchange. |
Literacy
Aspect: Builds
students’ oral communication through discussion of cultural aspects. Will build upon technology and research
skills of students through use of computer as tool for research. Reading comprehension and writing skills
in writing a summary of Filipino culture. |
Literacy
Aspect: Builds
students’ written and artistic communication through graffiti project. Builds critical thinking skills through
compare and contrast and technology skills through Hip Hop Circuit website as
a tool of research. |
Literacy
Aspect: Builds
students’ Organization skills and oral communication through group work and
design of pop-culture brochure. Written communication through paper summary
of the physical and cultural geographic aspects of the Philippines. |
|
Monday |
Tuesday |
Wednesday |
Thursday |
Friday |
Week 3 |
Objective:
Students
will be able to locate Papua/New Guinea on the global map. Students will be able to create and
illustrate a physical geographic map of Papua/New Guinea. |
Objective: Students will be able to
interpret and design a topographic map of Papua/New Guinea. Students will be able to examine and
discuss how geographic isolation brings linguistic and cultural diversity
throughout Papua/New Guinea. |
Objective: Students will be able to discuss
and associate images of cultural differences in Papua/New Guinea. Students will be able to relate
differences to geography of Papua/New Guinea. |
Objective: Students will be able to compare
geographic differences of culture, and linguistics from Papua/New Guinea with
the geographic differences of East and West coast rap. Students will be able to write how East v.
West coast rap parallels culture in Papua/New Guinea. |
Objective:
Students
will be able to present their findings of East v. West coast rap and how it
compares to the geographic influence on differences in culture and practice
in Papua/New Guinea. Students will be able to organize third section of
pop-culture travel brochure. |
|
Topic: Welcome to Papua/New Guinea: Introduction to
Papua/New Guinea. |
Topic: Bring Your Compass and
Translator: Topography and its effects on linguistics in Papua/New Guinea. |
Topic: Diversity in Papua/New Guinea.
Cultural aspects of Papua/New Guinea. |
Topic: Popular culture and linguistic
differences of Papua/New Guinea: A cultural comparison. |
Topic:
Travel Papua/New
Guinea: A review of the geography of Papua/ New Guinea. |
|
Literacy
Aspect: Develops
students’ Written and artistic communication through the creation of
geographic maps. Building literacy
through use of technology, textbook reading and research. |
Literacy
Aspect: Builds
students’ critical thinking skills and applying knowledge through case
studies of cultural differences associated to physical geography. Reading and writing development through
notes, design of topographic map and research. |
Literacy
Aspect: Group
discussions will promote oral communication and build peer communication
among students. Develops writing skills and critical thinking. Visual sensory through comparing and
contrasting pictorial images of culture in Papua/New Guinea |
Literacy
Aspect: Builds
students’ Written communication and critical thinking skills. Auditory sensory through listening to
different songs. Use of technology
through Hip Hop Circuit website. |
Literacy
Aspect: Develops
students’ Reading development and oral communication skills through
presenting student findings. Writing development through summaries and
organization skills in constructing students’ pop-culture travel brochures. |
|
Monday |
Tuesday |
Wednesday |
Thursday |
Friday |
Week 4 |
Objective:
Students will
be able to locate Samoa on a global map.
Students will be able to illustrate the physical geography of Samoa. |
Objective: Students will be able to analyze
photos of social/cultural life in Samoa.
Students will be able to write visual descriptions of photos. Students will be able to explain the rites
of passage of both boys and girls in Samoa. |
Objective: Students
will be able to identify rites of passage with tattooing in Samoa. Students will be able to compare and
contrast views of tattoos between society in Samoa and in the U.S. (Hip Hop
Circuit). Students will be able to
design a tribal tattoo. |
Objective: Students will be able to organize
maps, writings and tattoo designs into pop-culture travel brochures. Students will be able to prepare their
pop-culture brochures for presentations. (Group work encouraged). |
Objective:
Students
will be able to orally present their popular culture travel brochures to the
class. Students will be able to
demonstrate ideas and importance of physical and cultural geography and the
idea of cross-cultural exchange of ideas within the Pacific Rim islands and
Popular culture. |
|
Topic: Welcome
to Samoa: Introduction to cultural and physical geography of Samoa. |
Topic: Samoa Defined: Cultural Aspects
of Samoa. |
Topic: Rites of passage: Tattoo in
Samoan culture vs. tattoos in U.S. culture. |
Topic: Travel to Samoa: compilation of
pop-culture travel brochure. |
Topic:
Student
presentations of travel brochures and thematic unit. Debriefing of unit.
Preparing for cultural awareness fair. |
|
Literacy
Aspect: Builds
upon students’ experience with research, writing, geographic literacy and
artistic illustration in creating a map of Samoa. |
Literacy
Aspect: Promotes Critical
thinking among students through comparing and contrasting and oral
communication. Will also build upon
visual sensory through analyzing photos.
Written communication in summary of analyzing photos. |
Literacy
Aspect: Builds
students’ reading development and written skills through summaries. Promotes
critical thinking, artistic communication through the design of a tribal
tattoo and the use of technology for research. |
Literacy
Aspect: Develops
Organization skills in constructing pop-culture brochures. Oral communication with peers in planning of tomorrows in class
presentations and cultural awareness fair. |
Literacy
Aspect: Builds
students’ skill in oral presentations of academic subjects and organizational
skills. Critical thinking and applying
concepts of cultural/global exchange of ideas. Social communication
with culture fair. |
WEEK 1 DAY 1 (MONDAY)
VITAL INFORMATION
|
|
Author |
Jeremiah Tellers |
Subject |
Cultural and Physical Geography (Social Science) |
Topic or Unit |
Western Pacific Rim (Introduction to the Hip Hop Circuit) |
Grade/Level |
10 |
Objective |
-Students will be able to define the term cross-culture
and the exchange of ideas in context of geography. -Students will be able to list and describe the uses of
the Hip Hop Circuit website as a useful tool for research. |
Summary |
This lesson is designed to spark the interests of students
on the first day of the thematic unit on the Western Pacific Rim. The instructor will use the KWL exercise
to assess the student’s knowledge of the Islands of Japan, Philippines,
Papua/New Guinea and Samoa. After
assessing students’ prior knowledge, the instructor will then do a small
activity using the hip hop circuit website to provide students with a
introduction of the website as a tool in academic research for this unit. |
IMPLEMENTATION |
|
Procedures/Steps |
(10minutes).
(10 minutes). 3. Using classroom computers students will now visit http://www.hiphopcircuit.com/
to answer the following
questions. What are the different sections of the website? What aspects does this site address in terms of research? How will you use this website in your own studies and research? Make a list of the five most interesting aspects of the site. (25 minutes). 4. Have students orally answer the above questions and tell them that the site will be important in studying this unit on the Pacific Rim. Students will then turn in all work. (5minutes). |
Differentiated Instruction
|
Instructors may have to illustrate to students with needs
how to navigate on the computer.
Assist students with any questions or needs they may have in using the
computers. Instructors may also allow
students to work in groups of two at one computer, having a peer to work with
may help students. |
Sample Student Products |
Students will turn in notes from lecture and will also
hand in their “Getting acquainted with the hip hop circuit” worksheets. This will provide instructor with an
assessment of students understanding of this days introduction to the
thematic unit. |
Collaboration |
Students will have the choice to work solo or in a group
of two on the computers. |
Time Allotment |
50 minutes (1 class period) |
Authors Comments/Reflections |
I believe this days lesson will provide students with
getting acquainted with the hip hop circuit website as a tool for
research. Rather than just assigning
students to go to the website, this instruction will help students see the
different facets of the website as a useful tool in their study of the
Western Pacific Rim and as a tool to use in other classes as well. |
MATERIALS/RESOURCES
|
|
Instruction Materials Needed |
Instructors will need the following: Chalkboard or whiteboard Handouts with the questions above. Computers with internet access. |
Resources |
Geography Textbook |
STANDARDS/ASSESSMENTS |
|
Assessments |
Students will provide in class notes, and website
worksheet to the instructor at the end of class. These items will help the instructor assess students
understanding of both instruction and use of the website as a tool for
research during this unit of study.
This will insure that all students are on the same page when this unit
calls for research using the hip-hop circuit. |
LESSON PLAN #2
WEEK 1 DAY 4 (THURSDAY)
VITAL INFORMATION
|
|
Author |
Jeremiah Tellers |
Subject |
Cultural and Physical Geography (Social Science) |
Topic or Unit |
Western Pacific Rim (Japanese Hip Hop) |
Grade/Level |
10 |
Objective |
- Students will be
able to define cross-cultural exchange and be able to explain social
influences of American Hip Hop in Japan. - Students will be
able to compare and contrast between Hip Hop in Japan and Hip Hop in the
United States. |
Summary |
This is an activity that will show students how the
exchanges of ideas through hip-hop go beyond the borders of the U.S. Through listening to Japanese hip-hop,
students will compare and contrast the styles and elements of hip hop in
Japan and the U.S. In doing this
activity students will be able to see how cross-culturalism and the exchange
of ideas through hip hop on a global scale, illustrate our globalizing world. |
IMPLEMENTATION |
|
Procedures/Steps |
|
Differentiated Instruction
|
Students may need help in browsing through the site. Make
sure to roam around the class to see if students need any assistance. Students with disabilities may work with instructor
or with another student to overcome and needs she/he may need in searching
the hip hop circuit website. Help may
also be needed in writing. If
students have trouble writing a brief oral presentation may suffice. |
Sample Student Products |
Students will produce a summary of hip-hop in Japan based
off the idea of cross-cultural exchange.
This assignment will be placed into their Western Pacific Rim travel
brochures. |
Collaboration |
Students will work in groups of two at the computers and
will work individually in writing their summary of hip-hop in Japan. |
Time Allotment |
1 class period (50minutes) |
Authors Comments/Reflections
|
This will help students hear the similarities and
differences of hip-hop in Japan in comparison with hip-hop in the United
States. I am concerned that students
may not have enough time to type their summary. Provide extra time during lunch or after school for them to
complete the assignment. Homework is
another option that is open to students who have not had enough time. |
MATERIALS/RESOURCES |
|
Instruction Materials Needed |
Instructor will need a CD player to play a Japanese
hip-hop song. Computers with internet access to the hiphopcircuit.com Computer to type summary |
Resources |
http://www.hiphopcircuit.com/
click on “Overview” then scroll down to “Topics of Interest” and click on
“The Guide.” Once students are at the
site, have them type in “Japanese hip hop” on the search bar. A list of topics will pop up; have
students click on DJKrush. http://web.mit.edu/condry/www/jhh/
this is a supplemental site on Japanese hip-hop. This will provide students
with the history of hip-hop in Japan. |
STANDARDS/ASSESSMENTS |
|
Assessments |
Having students type a summary will give the instructor an
idea if they can demonstrate cross-cultural exchange. As long as students can come up with a
descriptive account of Japanese hip-hop through compare and contrast with
hip-hop in the United States, they will have done a good job. This summary
will be used in students’ pop-culture travel brochures. |
LESSON PLAN #3
WEEK 2 DAY 4 (THURSDAY)
VITAL INFORMATION
|
|
Author |
Jeremiah Tellers |
Subject |
Physical and Cultural Geography (Social Science) |
Topic or Unit |
Western Pacific Rim (Graffiti in the Philippines) |
Grade/Level |
10 |
Objective |
-Students will be able to compare and contrast between
graffiti in the Philippines and the U.S. -Students will be able to design their own style of
graffiti using an aspect of Filipino culture. |
Summary |
This is a fun exercise that enables students to artistically
create an aspect of Filipino culture using graffiti as a medium. Using notes from Tuesdays and Wednesdays
lecture, students will have plenty of material to compare and contrast the
art of graffiti in the Philippines to the graffiti in the United States. These pieces of work will be put into the
students’ pop-culture travel brochures for the final project. |
IMPLEMENTATION |
|
Procedures/Steps |
(15 minutes).
(25 minutes)
of their graffiti piece. This will be hand written. If students wish they may present their
piece of work to the class for extra credit. (10 minutes) |
Differentiated Instruction
|
Give students the opportunity to work by themselves or in
a group of two. By allowing them to
work in groups of two they may brainstorm to come up with ideas in producing
their piece of work and also to help those that may have physical
disabilities. In the case of a student with physical disabilities within a
group of two, that group will only need to produce one piece but will be
required to give an oral presentation.
Make sure to provide help if students are stuck with ideas for their
graffiti project. |
Sample Student Products |
Students will create pieces of art using the styles of
graffiti that incorporate ANY aspect of Filipino culture with a one-paragraph
summary to accompany the piece. |
Collaboration |
Students may work individually or in a group of two. |
Time Allotment |
1 class period (50 minutes). |
Authors Comments/Reflections
|
I believe this will be a fun project that incorporates the
core aspect of this unit. Students
will be able to produce a piece of artwork that displays the idea of
cross-cultural exchange of ideas. I
am concerned that many students may not be artistically inclined. Provide positive support and urge them to
do their best. |
MATERIALS/RESOURCES
|
|
Instruction Materials Needed
|
Computer with Internet Access and projector. 8.5’’ x 11” paper, colored pencils and markers to create
their projects. http://www.hiphopcircuit.com/
for research. |
Resources
|
http://www.hiphopcircuit.com/ (click on Overview, then click on the
links under “Graffiti and Fashion” and “Graffiti of the world”. Then click on
Philippines. |
STANDARDS/ASSESSMENTS
|
|
Assessments
|
Students will create a piece of graffiti on the paper you
have handed them. The piece should incorporate any aspect of Filipino culture
but must reflect some quality of graffiti.
Students will then draft (either typed or hand written) a summary of
their piece and how it relates to an aspect of cross-cultural exchange and an
aspect of Filipino culture. This will
be added into their pop-culture travel brochures. |
LESSON PLAN #4
WEEK 3 DAY 4 (THURSDAY)
VITAL INFORMATION
|
|
Author
|
Jeremiah Tellers |
Subject
|
Physical and Cultural Geography (Social Science) |
Topic or Unit
|
Western Pacific Rim (Language Diversity of Papua/New
Guinea) |
Grade/Level
|
10 |
Objective
|
-Students will be able to explain how physical geography
affects aspects of culture and linguistic diversity in Papua/New Guinea. -Students will be able to associate the difference of west
coast and east coast rap in relevance to geography and how it parallels the
differences of language and culture in Papua/New Guinea. |
Summary
|
This lesson will promote critical thinking of students by
associating the role geography plays in the difference of west coast and east
coast rap. In doing this comparison,
students will be able to relate such differences with the diversity and
culture of languages in Papua/New Guinea. |
IMPLEMENTATION
|
|
Procedures/Steps
|
(5 Minutes)
(40 Minutes)
(5 Minutes) |
Differentiated Instruction
|
Students will work in groups of two in which partners can
offer help for students with disabilities. For students who may have
difficulty with typing on the computer, teachers may have students make maps and
write notes on each of the locations of rap genres in the U.S. Student may then make a map of Papua/New
Guinea and denote several of the cultural and linguistic groups that are on
the island. Students then may compare
the two maps and relate them to the theme of geography’s influence on
diversity. Teacher may have to
personally assist students with disabilities on computer. Provide students with paper or maps to
complete the project if they do not type a paper. |
Sample Student Products
|
Students will create either written summaries or maps that
explain the influence physical geography has on the difference of west coast
and east coast rap and be able to relate these differences in correlation to
the cultures and language differences in Papua/New Guinea. |
Collaboration
|
Students will work in groups of two. |
Time Allotment
|
1 class period (50 Minutes) |
Authors Comments/Reflections
|
I am concerned that the lyrics of both Tupac and Notorious
B.I.G. may be explicit. Inform students that this may be a problem. Have them focus on the overall picture of
differences between the two styles of music genres. |
MATERIALS/RESOURCES
|
|
Instruction Materials Needed
|
Computer with Internet Access to link to the hip-hop
circuit website. Poster paper if students wish to make maps rather than
write a summary. Color pencils. |
Resources
|
http://www.hiphopcircuit.com/
click on “Overview” scroll down and click on “The Guide” and have students
use any of the search engines to read about the differences of Tupac and
Notorious B.I.G. to explain the differences of west coast and east coast rap. http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/West-Coast-rap
This site will offer a brief history and differences of west coast and east
coast rap. |
STANDARDS/ASSESSMENTS
|
|
Assessments
|
Students will demonstrate either in writing or through the
creation of maps, the role that geography plays in differences of
culture. Make sure students
incorporate physical geography with cultural differences. Students’ work will be compiled into their
pop-culture travel brochures. |
WEEK 4 DAY 3 (WEDNESDAY)
VITAL INFORMATION
|
|
Author
|
Jeremiah Tellers |
Subject
|
Physical and Cultural Geography (Social Science) |
Topic or Unit
|
Western Pacific Rim (Tattoos of Samoa) |
Grade/Level
|
10 |
Objective
|
-Students will be able to identify rites of passage with
tattooing in Samoa. -Students will be able to compare and contrast views of
tattoos between Samoa and the United States. -Students will be able to design their own Samoan tribal
tattoo. |
Summary
|
This is a lesson in which students will be able to see the
importance of tattoos as a rite of passage in Samoa. Through internet research, students will
compare and contrast between the differences of tattoos in popular culture
within the United States and compare the styles with those of traditional
Samoan, tribal tattoos. |
IMPLEMENTATION
|
|
Procedures/Steps
|
(10 Minutes)
(10 Minutes).
(30 Minutes)
|
Differentiated Instruction
|
Some students may want to work in groups. This is a fun activity in which a group
dynamic might help in brainstorming in coming up with a good design for a
Samoan tribal tattoo and will also help students with disabilities by having
peers help them with this assignment. |
Sample Student Products
|
Students will create a Samoan tribal tattoo along with a
written description of how their tattoo represents a cultural aspect of
Samoan culture. This project will go
into the students’ pop-culture travel brochures. |
Collaboration
|
Students may work individually or in groups of four if
they like. |
Time Allotment
|
1 class period (50 Minutes) |
Authors Comments/Reflections
|
I believe this will be a fun project for students in
learning the context of Samoan cultural practices. It will help students associate academic material with artistic
communication through the design of their tattoo. The only concern I have is that many students may not have the
artistic skills to create such elaborate tattoos. Make sure to grade them lightly, not everyone can be an
artist. The primary focus is if
students comprehend the overall cultural aspects of the tattoo in Samoan
culture and be able to compare and contrast how tattoos are viewed in popular
culture in the United States. |
MATERIALS/RESOURCES
|
|
Instruction Materials Needed
|
8.5” x 11” piece of paper, and color pencils. Computers with Internet Access to use the hip hop circuit.
|
Resources
|
http://www.hiphopcircuit.com/
and click on the popular culture tab on the left side of the screen. Scroll down to art and click on the tattoo
link. |
STANDARDS/ASSESSMENTS
|
|
Assessments
|
Students will present the teacher with a Samoan tribal
tattoo. Teachers should assess the
tattoo by seeing if it fits certain styles of real Samoan Tribal tattoos (use
examples from the website). By having
the students write a brief summary of their tattoo, students will demonstrate
that they have acquired key Samoan cultural techniques and be able to explain
how their tattoo fits in the context of Samoan cultural practices in
comparison to the view of tattoos in the U.S. (Rites of Passage). |