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Modals: Could have, should have, and would have.
Could have
-
[A "could have" B]
("You could have burned yourself touching that pan.")
indicates that B was
a possibility for A in the past,
although it did not actually happen.
(Note: "Should have" in this sense could indicate
"regret".)
(Collins Cobuild, 370)
Should have
-
[A "should have" B]
("I should have put a glove on before I touched the pan,
then I wouldn't have got burned." (wished),
"The pan should have been hotter than it was,
I put it on high." (expected)).
indicates that
B did not happen in the past,
but that it as a possibility
and you wished or expected it to happen.
(Note: "Should have" in this sense could indicate
"regret".)
(Collins Cobuild, 1539, 3)
-
[A "should have" B by C]
("The pan should have heated up by now.")
means that in most cases A will probably
happen by time C,
i.e. at some time in the past before time C.
(Collins Cobuild, 1539, 4)
-
[You "should have" B]
("You should have seen his face when he touched that pan.")
emphasizes how "funny, shocking,
or impressive" it was
when it happened at some time
in the past
(Note: It's not just a possible event.
It actually happened.)
(Collins Cobuild,1539,11)
Would have
-
[A "would have" B(a past participle)]
("The pan on the upper right burner
would have been the hot one,
he put the corn in the pan on the
lower left burner and it never cooked.")
indicates not only that
something was possible at
some time in the past
but that you assume or guess it to be so (true)
because you have good reason to believe it to be so.
(Collins Cobuild,1539,4)
-
[Within A of B, C "would have" D(a past participle)]
(Within twenty minutes of putting the pan
on the burner, it would have come to a boil.)
indicates that C was
not only possible,
but also likely to have occurred
at a time in the past
occurring before A time units had elapsed
after event B.
(Collins Cobuild,1539,17)
-
[If A, B "would have" C(a past participle)]
("If I had known he was going to touch the pan,
I would have told him not to touch it.")
indicates that A was a possible
event in the past with a
the result or effect C.
(Note: "Should have" in this sense could indicate
"regret".)
(Collins Cobuild,1539,18)
-
[A "would have liked"(or "preferred") to B]
("I would have liked to have boiled the corn correctly,
and I could have done it if I had known where the hot pan was.")
means that A wanted to do it or have it,
but was unable to.
(Note: "Should have" in this sense could indicate
"regret".)
(Note: This is just a special case of sense #1 using "like".)
(Collins Cobuild,1539,19)
Activity Suggestion:
Find a story with an unhappy ending.
Summarize the plot or events leading up
to the unhappy outcome.
Divide the class into pairs
and have them read the story.
After they read the story
have them ask each other what
the people could or should have done
to avoid the unhappy outcome.
Also have them speculate what
the outcome of various alternative
actions would have been.
Have them use the modal phrases
"could have","should have",
and "would have".
Have the students write down
their opinions and then have them
circulate throughout the class
asking each other's opinion.
The teacher can also circulate and
note down various opinions on the board.
(Note: Michael Lewis in his "Lexical Approach"
(LTP, 1993) singles out "modal auxiliaries,
including would"
as "words that deserve lexical rather
than grammatical treatment." (p. 110))
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