Part I: The Battle of Ba’al and Yahm
For this part of the myth, i have compared the transliterations of de Moor, Driver, and Smith with translations by Coogan, de Moor, Gaster, Ginsburg, Smith, and Driver as ed. by J. C. L. Gibson
Scholars must add some vowels to the Ugaritic names, as these were not all given. The Ocean god's name is variously written as Yam, Yamm, or Yamu. I write it as Yahm because (a) there aren't two m's in Ugaritic, (b) it is not pronounced like the vegetable, but more like Yom
For very obscure passages, i have relied largely on Smith, since he is the only one to attempt a translation. These passages are noted.
For bibliographic information, see Sources.
KTU 1.1 = CTA 1 = UT ’nt: plates IX, I = VI AB
In a very poor state of preservation
Col. v [from Smith]
`El Speaks to Yahm (?)
1. . . . . . .
2-3. . . . and a day, two days will pass . . .
3. . . . he (Ba’al?) will arrive with a [life/ appetite/ hunger/ desire/ throat or lung as a type of offering] . . .
4. . . . Hadad, you will meet him . . .
5. . . . at Tsapan . . .
6. . . . a cut (of meat) . . . when he sees . . .
Yahm (?) Speaks to `El
7. . . . he speaks: " . . .
8. . . . truly I know
9. . . . [Bull `El] will bind him, Bull El . . .
10. . . . you will bind . . .
11. . . . stones (i.e., testicles) . . . I am/was -or- you are/were - constrained
12. . . . and he will surely attack (me) in my loins
13. . . . red stuff, back . . .
`El Responds to Yahm (?)
14. . . . you shall surely drive (him) in his loins . . .
15. . . . a day, two days will pass
16. . . . he will arrive with a life (see above, li. 3)
17. . . . Hadad, you will meet him
18. . . . your . . . [f]ood on Tsapan . . .
19. . . . a doe
Yahm (?) Responds to `El
20. . . . then he speaks: " . . .
21. . . . truly I know . . .
22. . . . you will bind him, Bull `El . . .
23. . . . you will bind . . . stones (i.e., testicles). . .
24. . . . [I am/was//you are/were] constrained . . . enter . . .
25. . . . attack me in my loins . . . I will be provisioned . . .
26. . . . you will enter when he lifts [his head/eyes?]
27. . . . with provisions you will indeed be fed . . .
28. . . . to the earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- Aloud they [summon the assembly of the gods/ do cry to those near]. They invite
- the distant ones/ those far away, to the assembly of `El
- they summon/do cry: "`El remains seated [in his marzeah/banqueting hall//among his cult-guests (dM)] . . .
- The shame of the Eternal One/The shameful conduct of the usurper . . .
- O gods, (to) the house of your lord . . .
- [Who surely travels (S)/lest he go (D/G) quickly/the Runner will not walk (dM)] through the land, . . .
- who goes in the dust (of) destruction/a mess of mud on the ground . . .
- Comments: Smith believes lines 7-8 should be interpreted "Either literally, as `El walking through the underworld, or an allusion to `El being "dead drunk," or both metaphorical, and ironic, as the marzeah serves as the setting for feasts for the dead and for the living mourning the dead (p. 145). De Moor, on the other hand, believes they refer to Ba’al, since Hadad is called the Runner in tablet CTA 6:I.50 and at the city of Alalakh.
- He [drinks/gives them to drink] [curdled milk=yogurt/silt (dM)] overflowing . . .,
He takes a cup in his hand/gives a cup into both their hands,
- A beaker in/into the two hands.
- . . . like pulp/mush/porridge/crumbs. Like hts/gravel is gathered . . .
- `El should appoint/appoints as deputy his son.
The Bull should proclaim/proclaims as Master Yawu
- And Kindly `El the Beneficent speaks . . . Not called
- my son by the name of Yawu, O goddess `Elat and ..., but Yahm shall be his name!
- And [he pronounces/proclaims/so do you pronounce/proclaim] the name Yahm . . . And `Elat and Lady `Athiratu
- . . . they answer: ‘For our sustenance . . . you are the one who has been proclaimed,
17a. You, O sire, may you, proclaim his name . . .
alt. You ‘Lord’ [’adon] have been proclaimed.
17b. And the Bull `El answered:
- I, myself, Kindly `El the Beneficent, have taken you
- Upon/in my hands . . . I proclaim your name. Yahm is your name,
- Your name is Beloved of `El, Yahm
- My house of silver which . . ./A house of my silver that . . .
- In/By the hand of Mighty `Aliyan Ba’al . . .
- Thus/ because he reviles/ abused me . . .
- Drive him from the throne of his kingship, From the resting place, the cushion on the seat
- of his dominion . . .
- But if then you do not drive him from his throne of kingship, from the seat of his dominion,
- He will beat you like . . .
- `El sacrifices, he does slaughter . . .
- He proclaims . . .
- He slaughters oxen, also sheep. He fells
- bulls and [fatlings, rams/fatted rams], yearling calves,
- sheep by the flock, he sacrifices, kids.
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- [Comment: de Moor says this is likely done in November, when there would be yearlings calves and winter lambs (p. 122-123)]
1*. Then they surely head
- Toward the whole of divine Memphis; Kaphtor [= Crete] is the throne of his sitting; Memphis his inherited land.
- From a thousand acres, ten thousand hectares, At the feet of Kothar
- they bow and kneel, They prostrate themselves and honor him
- And they speak to Kothar wa-Khasis, Skillful and Wise, They address Hayani, the Capable One
- of the Handicrafts: "Decree of Bull `El, your Father,
- Word of the Beneficent One, your Scion:
- " . . . . . . . . . Kothar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- Prepare to pour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- Prepare in the mountains (?) . . . . . . . . . . .
- You hasten! You hurry! You rush! To me let your feet run
- To me let your legs race, To the mountain,
- Mount Khas/ Khurshan-zur-kas. For a message I have, and I will tell you,
- A word and I will repeat to you: The word of tree and the whisper of stone,
- The converse of Heavens to the Earth, Of Deeps to Stars;
- The word not known to humankind, and not understood by the multitudes of the earth.
- Come and I will reveal it . . . ’ "
- And Kothar wa Khasis answers: "Go, go Divine Servants!
- You, you delay, but I, I depart.
- Kaphtor is indeed far, O Gods, Memphis is indeed far, O Deities:
- Two lengths beneath the springs of the Earth
- Three, the expanse of hollows." Then he indeed heads
- Toward Kindly `El the Beneficent, Toward the Mount Khas [Kvsi]/ Khurshan-zur-kas
- He enters `El's mountain and he comes
- To the domicile of the King, the Father of Years. At `El's feet he bows low and falls
- He prostrates himself and honors him . . .
- Bull `El his father speaks . . . :
- "Hurry, a house may it be built; Hurry, may there be erected a palace
- In the midst of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- Build/son . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Then you shall surely head toward Inbb ’inbvbi
Across a thousands courts, ten thousands houses
At the feet of ’Anat bow low and fall,
Prostrate yourselves and honor her.
And speak to Adolescent ’Anat,
Address the In-law of the Peoples:
"Message of Bull `El, your Father,
Word of the Beneficent One, your Scion:
Remove from the earth war,
Set in the dust love;
Pour peace amidst the earth,
Tranquility amidst the fields.
- You hurry! Your hasten! You rush!
- To me let your feet run, To me let your legs hasten . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . your food and drink
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lapis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . raise in the middle of . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . he will die . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . like spittle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . prepare for the earth . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . . They/You will pass . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- Then they surely head toward Inbb ’inbvbi [Note: Anat's abode]
- Across a thousands courts, ten thousands houses
- At the feet of ’Anat they bend over and fall,
- They prostrate themselves and honor her. And they lift their voice and declare:
- "Message of Bull `El, your Father, Word of the Beneficent One, your Scion:
- Remove from the earth war,
- Set in the dust love; Pour peace amidst the earth,
- Tranquility amidst the fields.
- You hurry! You hasten! You rush! To me let your feet run,
- To me let your legs hasten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- To the mountain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KTU 1.2 = CTA 2 = UT 129 = III AB
Col. iii = C - Gordon: 129
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Then indeed he sets his face toward `El at the Source of the Double Rivers,
In the midst of the springs of the Two Oceans, the Double Deeps.
5. He penetrates/comes to the mountain(s) of `El
and enters the pavilion of the king, Father Shunem/of Years. At the feet of `El
6. he does bow and fall down, He prostrates himself and does him honor . . .
7. . . . "(O), Kothar-and-Khasis, depart!/ Quickly, build a house for Yahm, erect a palace for Judge Nahar,
8. In the heart (?) . . . "Depart, Quickly, Kothar-wa-Khasis,
build a house for Prince Yahm, raise a palace for Judge Nahar,
9. a house like// In the midst of [Mt. Khas]. Amidst the mountain of Bull `El the Beneficent
10. Quickly shall you build the [house]/ the house let it be built, quickly/hurry let be raised/ erect/ may there be erected [the palace], A thousand acres may cover the house
11. ten thousand hectares the palace . . . boys at the fields of Yahm . . .
12. . . . in the sea . . . Yahm . . . " Then ’Athtar, . . . the possessor of kingship . . .
13. . . . a torch/ hr hrtm(= a red substance) and . . . fire
14. . . . (he) carries . . . (he) goes down . . .
15. . . . him, the Torch of the gods, Shapashu, she lifts up her voice and cries: ‘Hear now, O ’Athtar, I beseech thee . . . :
16. [Indeed] cause (the table) to be set/favors /Take vengeance will (S) will the Bull `El thy father before prince Yahm, before Judge Nahar.
ALT: "retire from the presence of Yahm, the presence of the Judge Nahar" (Gaster)
17. If hear thee should the Bull `El thy Father? Surely, he will pull up/out// uproot the support/pillars/mainstays of thy dwelling, indeed will overturn
18. the throne of thy kingship!
Surely (he) will break the scepter of thy dominion/rule//thine authority!"
And answers [’Athtar], the possessor of kingship:
19. ". . . (against) me the Bull `El my father. As for me, I have no house like the gods, nor court like the sons
20. sacred//of the Holy one(s)/of Holiness. Alone I shall go down into the grave of us both/Like a lion I will descend with my desire. The skillful ones, the Kotharim will wash me. To dwell in a house
21. is Prince Yahm, in a palace, Judge Nahar.
Cause the table to be set will the Bull `El his father before Prince Yahm,
22. before Judge Nahar. Am I indeed king or am I not king?"
And Shapash Torch of the gods answered: "Thou hast no wife like the gods . . .
23. nor a maiden like the sons of the Holy one(s). And Prince Yahm . . . , Judge Nahar . . .
24. . . . he (will) send me." And answers ’Athtar . . . :
25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. And they return. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. "You, you have risen against/up . . . . . [overweening],
4. Mightiest Ba’al [responded: " From your throne of kingship you will be driven]
5. [from the seat of] your dominion expelled!
6. On your head be Ayamari, Driver, O Yahm, Between your shoulders Yagarish, Chaser,
7. Judge Nahar. May Horon split open, O Yahm, may Horon split open/ smash
8. your head, ’Athtart-Name-of-Ba’al thy skull!
- [Comment: Apparently a common curse, it also occurs in Tablet 1.16 col. VI, lines 54-57]
9. . . . [broken thy] staff; and down you will fall at the peak of your years,
. . . in the limit of your years, may you be humbled
10. [Like the Father of] Years, two women/wives . . ./May thy twain wives also!"
11. Two Messengers sends Yahm , Judge Nahar . . . envoys, [and raises his voice and cries/saying] :
12. They rejoice exceedingly (S)/As the jubilant rejoice (D/G)/ At the very height of their triumph (GA), let be shattered/ us shatter (their) . . .
13. Their heart rejoices,/ . . . Their nose breaks (?)/let their nose be broken!.
Depart/Go ye, pages, do not stay/delay/tarry. Straightaway turn ye your faces
14. indeed, towards the Assembly of the Convocation in the midst of the Mount of Lel/ Lelu/ Lalu/ Lila/ night. At the feet of `El,
15a. do you/ye indeed fall down, indeed prostrate yourselves/make obeisance
ALT: do not fall (down)/Do not bow; Prostrate yourselves not before
to the Assembly of the Convocation.
15b. Standing (up), say what you have to
16. say, repeat what you know; and say unto the Bull, my father, `El, repeat unto the Convocation
17. Assembled: "The message of Yahm your master, of your lord Judge Nahar:
18a. Give up, O Gods, him whom you are hiding/obey//to whom they would be paying respect - or - the god with a following;
18b. Him whom you protect/obey, O Multitude//the one the multitudes are hiding/worship//Him on whom the multitudes wait/ to whom the multitudes would be paying respect.
18c. Hand over Ba’al and his henchmen that I may humble him,
19. the Son of Dagan, - whose gold I am to inherit/I will/Let me seize his gold//assume his inheritance."
Depart do/So away speed the pages/ messengers, they do not delay. Then straightaway their faces
20. indeed they set towards the midst of the mount of Lel/ Lelu/ Lalu/ Lila/ night, towards the Assembly of the Convocation. There/Meanwhile the Gods to eat
21. are sitting down, the sons of the Holy one/sacred beings to dine/a meal/cut up meat, Ba’al is standing beside `El. Behold! as soon as
22. the Gods catch sight of them; they catch sight of the messengers of Yahm, the envoys of Judge Nahar;
23. the gods do lower/bow their heads on to their knees and onto their thrones
24. of princeship. Them Ba’al rebukes: "Why do you lower/ bow, O Gods, your heads
25. on to your knees and onto your thrones of princeship?
[In unison/Alone], gods, I will answer the tablets of the messengers of Yahm. (dM)
26. The gods, will they answer the tablets // (Do) I see (the) gods/I see, gods, that you are cowed/ stricken with fear of the messengers of Yahm, the envoys of Judge Nahar?
27. Lift up, O Gods, your heads from the top of your knees, from your thrones
28. of princeship, For I will answer the messengers of Yahm, the envoys of Judge Nahar."
29. The gods lift up their heads from upon their knees, from their thrones of princeship.
30. Thereupon arrive the messengers of Yahm, the envoys of Judge Nahar; at the feet of `El
31. indeed they (ALT: do not) fall, indeed they prostrate themselves/make obeisance (ALT: not) before/to the the Assembly of the Convocation. Standing, they say what they have to say,
32. Repeat what they know. A fire, two fires they appear to flash; A sharpened sword
33. their tongue. They do say unto the Bull his father `El: "The message of Yahm your Master,
34. of your Lord, Judge Nahar: "Give up, O Gods, him whom you are hiding - ALT - the god with a following;
O Gods, him to whom they would be paying respect - ALT - the one whom you are hiding/obey,
35. O Multitude/the masses// to whom the multitudes would be paying respect/worship;
Hand over Ba’al and his henchman that I may humble him,
the Son of Dagan, that I may/Let me [seize his gold/assume his inheritance]."
36. And answers the Bull his father `El: "Thy slave Ba’al is, O Yahm, thy slave Ba’al is forever,
37. O Nahar, the Son of Dagan thy prisoner! He must bring tribute to you, like the Gods,
38. Even he must bring like the sons of the Holy one tribute/gifts to thee,
He will be brought as thy tribute - He will surely pay tribute to thee;
For/When/for, see, the Holy ones [bring thy gift/payment//pay thee tribute],
The Holy Ones - are thy tributaries/gifts/bear presents unto thee!
a gift to you he will bring, Like the Holy Ones, offerings to you."
38b. Then indeed a companion to anger (i.e., angry) is Prince Ba’al
39. He takes/seizes in/with his hand a ‘slayer’, In (his) right hand a ‘smiter’/striker.
The pages/servitors . . . He reaches to strike.
40. His right hand ’Anat seizes, his left hand takes does ’Athtart: "However can you assail the
41. messengers of Yahm, the envoys of Judge Nahar? A messenger holds the staff of . . . ,
42. . . . and you would slay a messenger? Between/upon his shoulders is the word of his lord,* and (he) . . . [Note: *official messages were carried in a bag tied round the neck]
43. . . . " ; Then indeed a companion to anger is Prince Ba’al;
the terraces with vines they will leave untilled.
44. . . . the messengers of Yahm will leave the fields unfurrowed, the envoys of Judge Nahar the earth,
45. . . . "I myself say to Yahm your master, your lord Judge
46. Nahar: [Hear] the word of the Avenger/Annihilator/Accomplisher Hadad: . . .
47. . . . you do homage/bow down . . . /I will go after Yahm . . .
48. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- Midst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- And Ba’al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . I will strike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . Send . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . Life/Breath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . Ba’al (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ca. 1 l.) - Driver/Gibson
1. ". . . houses./ . . . . . . . . . .!
1. alt. " . . . [my] power is shattered . . .
1. alt. . . . drive out . . . die . . .
2. . . . I will not bring out. If moreover . . . . . . .
2. alt. . . . live . . . "I will surely send them out . . .If then I drive
- . . . And in Yahm will be the sieve of destruction, And in Yahm will be the lungs/ breast of [death];
- (in) Judge Nahar will be "gnawers", There "attackers"/worms/maggots move about. . . There the sword I will destroy (S).
- . . . /the house I will burn (S). To the earth will fall [the strength of us two/ the noble (S)]; and to/ into the dust [the might of us two/ the mighty (S)]."
- Scarce have come/ left// go thus forth/ depart- these words from his/her mouth; his/her speech and - the utterance of his/her//he/she uttered his/her - voice from his/her lips/ And she raises her voice: when/but he groaned/sank/keeps lying in wait (?)/ "May he sink
- beside/beneath/under/at the foot of - the throne of Prince Yahm. Thereupon answers Kothar wa Khasis: "Truly, indeed, I have been telling
- unto you, O Prince Ba’al; Let me repeat to you, O Rider of the Clouds. Now your foes,
- O Ba’al, now your foes you must slay; Now your enemies you must silence/ annihilate/ destroy/ vanquish.
- Then shall you take your kingship for all time; your dominion for all generations."
- Therewith Kothar brings down two weapons and proclaims/pronounces their name: "Thy name, thine, is
- Yagarish, Chaser. Yagarish, chase Yahm, Chase Yahm from his throne,
- Nahar from the seat of his dominion. Do thou [swoop/leap/spring/dance] from the hand of Ba’al, like a raptor
- from between his fingers. Strike the back of Prince Yahm, between the shoulders
- of Judge Nahar." The weapon [swoops/leaps/dances/springs] from the hand of Ba’al, like an raptor
- from between his fingers. It strikes the back of Prince Yahm, between the shoulders of Judge
- Nahar. But strong is Yahm, he does not sink down, not quiver do his joints, not collapse does
- his form. Kothar brings down two weapons And he proclaims/pronounces their name:
- "Thy name, thine, is Ayamari, Driver. Ayamari, drive Yahm! Drive Yahm
- from his throne, Nahar from the seat of his dominion. Do thou swoop/leap/spring/dance
- from the hand of Ba’al, Like a raptor from/in his fingers. Strike on the skull
- of Prince Yahm, between the eyes of Judge Nahar. May/Let collapse Yahm
- and fall to the earth!" And the weapon swoops/leaps/springs/dances from the hand of Ba’al,
- Like a raptor from between his fingers. It strikes the skull of Prince
- Yahm, between the eyes of Judge Nahar. Yahm collapses, he falls
- to the earth; His joints quiver, and his spine shakes.
- Thereupon Ba’al drags out and would rend/dismember/hack into pieces Yahm; he would destroy/annihilate/finish off/make an end of Judge Nahar.
- By name/the Name ’Athtart rebukes: "For shame, O Mightiest Ba’al!
- For shame, O Rider on the Clouds! For our captive is Prince Yahm, for
- our captive is Judge Nahar." And as the word goes out of/ does come forth from/ leaves her mouth . . .
- Mightiest Ba’al indeed is ashamed . . . and . . . / s/he answers :
- "Yahm is indeed surely dead! Ba’al reigns/shall be king! . . .
- Then up speaks Yahm: "Lo, I am as good as dead! Surely, Ba’al now will reign/ is king!" . . .
- heat is indeed assured/for the shoots! And then Ba’al indeed rules/reigns/shall be king!] [ - - - heat],
- while answers Yahm: "Lo, I am as good as dead! Surely Ba’al now is king!/will reign!
- He indeed rules!"/[heat] is indeed assured! And she answers: . . . . .
- "O, Ba’al, these/them/ . . . . may Ba’al rule them, (S)
- . . . . . . . . /heat is indeed assured!" . . . . . . he indeed rules!/he did place
- . . . . . . . . . . . on his head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . his foes/hand[s] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . between his eyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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