STERNBERG’S 
TRIANGULAR THEORY OF LOVE 

Sternberg, R. J. (1988). A triangular theory of love. Psychological Review, 93, 119-135.

   Love is an emotion that nearly everyone has experienced at some time in their life.  Within a relationship over time, and in different relationships, the dimensions of love may vary in intensity.  Differing levels of passion, emotional intimacy and commitment should result in different experiences of love.  Below you will find general descriptions of what love may be like for eight different combinations of passion, emotional intimacy and commitment.
 

INTIMACY
(emotional)
Attraction/Sexual attraction, positive and negative feelings, longing for reciprocity, desire for union, physiological arousal
(behavioral) 
Actions to determine the other's feelings, studying the person, service to the person, maintaining physical closeness
COMMITMENT
(cognitive)
intrusive preoccupation with the person, idealization of that person, and desire to know the person





 
What is intimacy ?

The emotional intimacy dimension of love is best characterized by feeling love for someone rather than being "in love" with them. The emotional intimacy dimension focuses on liking, friendship, trust and feelings of emotional closeness that result from being able to share one's innermost thoughts and feelings with a partner. Intimacy is achieved through a process by which one comes to know one's partner through increasing levels of self disclosure of one's thoughts and feelings. During the early stages of a relationship when the participants are still getting to know one another, strong passionate emotions may result from increasingly intimate levels of disclosure. Later, after the partners have gotten to know each other well, feelings of closeness, friendship, warmth, and caring will tend to predominate. For emotional intimacy to flourish, both partners must be understanding, open, supportive, and must feel like they can talk about anything without fear of being rejected. As intimacy progresses, the partners will find that they share some degree of overlap in their values and beliefs about life; however, there will be differences in opinion to some degree as well. For intimacy to develop to its fullest, it is essential that both partners be able to forgive and to show compassion and kindness toward each other, especially when they disagree or make mistakes. Mutual respect and trust are essential to this process.


What is passion?

The passionate dimension of love can best be characterized by feelings of being in love .  The passion dimension focuses on those intense feelings of arousal that arise from physical attraction and sexual attraction. Passion may also arise from increasing levels of self disclosure as intimacy develops in a relationship. Passion is that intense euphoric "high" that you may experience when you are in love - you feel euphoric - on top of the world - your heart races, and you get butterflies in your stomach. You yearn to to be physically close to and to join with the person - You often can't stop thinking about the person. At first, passion is often based on the more external qualities of how the person looks and acts, rather than on whether they share one's values, beliefs, interests or attitudes. Depending on the level of intimacy and commitment, the passionate aspect of love may include anxiety and uncertainty because one might not be sure that the feelings are mutual. Idealization of the person (seeing only their good qualities and projecting on them the qualities that you want them to possess) is also quite common when the passionate aspects of love are intense. Passion is typically most intense at the beginning of romantic relationships when you don't know much about the person and continues to be at high levels as self disclosure increases. Over time, as the relationship progresses (as you get to know your partner better and the physical arousal aspects habituate), the experience of passion diminishes.


What is commitment?

The commitment dimension of love is often viewed as the decision to stay with one's partner for life. Commitments may range from simple verbal agreements (agreements not to become emotionally and/or sexually involved with other people) to publicly formalized legal contracts (marriage). However, commitment is more than simply agreeing to stay with your partner through bad times. Commitment means being devoted to doing things to nurture the relationship and protect it from harm and to fix it if damaged. Both partners care about each other's needs and must be willing to put each other's needs first - including being willing to make personal sacrifices for the good of the relationship. The partners should be willing to depend on each other and feel secure that each will be loyal to each other and to the relationship.





 
Eight Types of Love
Type Intimacy Passion Commitment
CONSUMMATE LOVE
+
+
+
FATUOUS LOVE
-
+
+
COMPANIONATE LOVE
+
-
+
ROMANTIC LOVE
+
+
-
EMPTY LOVE
-
-
+
INFATUATED LOVE
-
+
-
LIKING
+
-
-
NON LOVE 
-
-
-

(click a heart at any time to return to the Eight Types of Love Table)

Consummate Love:
High Passion, Emotional Intimacy and Commitment.

This is what we typically think of as our goal - a relationship that is passionate, emotionally intimate and committed. You are "in love" with your partner - the passion is definitely there, and you like them as a person. You communicate well and your communication with your partner enhances your feelings of closeness and your passion. You share feelings of closeness, friendship, warmth, and caring. You are committed to making the relationship last - doing things to nurture the relationship and protect it from harm and to fix it if damaged. Both partners care about each other's needs and must be willing to put each other's needs first - including being willing to make personal sacrifices for the good of the relationship. The partners should be willing to depend on each other and feel secure that each will be loyal to each other and to the relationship.

Fatuous Love:
High Passion and Commitment, Low(er) Emotional Intimacy.

This is typically what we think of as a whirlwind romance. It tends to start out with love at first sight and then soon after (before the partners know each other well), they commit to a long term relationship. It's very intense - almost an obsession. You can't get the person out of your thoughts. You long to be near them - to touch them - to merge with them. It's like being intoxicated. You experience lots of physical arousal and extreme highs in the beginning - you just know that they're the one for you - a match made in heaven. The problem is, you don't know who your partner is! If you get lucky, you've jumped into a relationship with someone who is compatible and over time (before the passion wears off) emotional intimacy will develop and you'll find that you are compatible. If you're not so lucky, you may find that as you get to know your partner as a person (rather than who you think they are) you might not like what you find. If you and your partner aren't compatible, then emotional intimacy can't develop. Then when the passion wears off, all that's left is commitment (and probably a lot of passionately angry/frustrated/hurt feelings).

Companionate Love:
High Emotional Intimacy and Commitment, and low(er) Passion.

This is what we typically think of as a "best friends" type love. It's the kind of love we might tend to find in long term relationships. You genuinely like the person and can talk to them about anything. You get the warm fuzzies from interacting with them. Feelings of closeness, friendship, warmth, and caring will tend to predominate. You trust them and care about them, but it doesn't have the intensity of passion that it used to have.  Commitment to the relationship is well established. You can depend on your partner to be there through thick and thin.

Romantic Love:
High Passion and Emotional Intimacy, low(er) Commitment.

This is typically what we think of as "Romantic Love". You are drawn to your partner both physically and emotionally. This type of love shares the arousal and intensity of a passion based relationship, but differs in that there is more emotional intimacy. You love your partner for who they are, not because of who you think they are. You trust your partner and feel emotionally close to him or her. You can share your innermost thoughts and feelings without fear of rejection. You experience strong surges of passion when you share your thoughts and feelings with your partner. You haven't reached the point of making a commitment to stay together yet, but it's likely that if the relationship continues and remains fulfilling for both partners, then commitment will occur.

Empty Love:
High Commitment, Low Passion and Emotional Intimacy.

Depending on the culture, this may describe the terminal stage of a relationship or the beginning of a relationship. In cultures where one's partner is selected for you, the relationship begins based on commitment. Passion and emotional intimacy may develop later. In cultures where people select their partners based on love, it's likely that a commitment-only relationship has lost the passion and/or emotional intimacy it once had.  For whatever reasons (financial, children, etc.), you are committed to staying in a relationship where you feel little passion toward you partner, and little emotional intimacy.

Infatuated Love:
High Passion, Low Emotional Intimacy and Commitment.

This is typically what we think of as "Love at First Sight". It's very intense... almost an obsession. You can't get the person out of your thoughts. You long to be near them - to touch them - to merge with them. It's like being intoxxicated. You are experiencing lots of physical arousal. This type of love produces extremes in highs and lows. If the other person feels the same, then you're on top of the world.  However, if the person shows signs of not feeling the same way, you may experience the depths of despair. You may not know the person very well. You must be careful here not to let your feelings get you in too deep before you develop adequate emotional intimacy with this person to find out if you are compatible in terms of your values and beliefs and whether you potential partner has healthy interaction skills.

Liking:
High Emotional Intimacy, Low Passion and Commitment.

This is what we typically think of as friendship. You genuinely like the person and can talk to them about anything. You get the warm fuzzies from interacting with them. Feelings of closeness, friendship, warmth, and caring will tend to predominate. You trust them and care about them, but it doesn't have the intensity of passion. There is also not much emphasis on commitment to maintain the relationship long-term; if circumstances change (such as changing jobs or moving to another city), the relationship may fade into the background.




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