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Effects of Deficiency & Toxicity |
| Vitamin A | As performed vitamin: fish liver oils, liver, egg yolk, butter, cream, vitamin A --fortified margarine; as provitamin carotenoids: dark green leafy vegetables, yellow fruits, red palm oil | Photoreceptor mechanism of retina, integrity of epitheliz, lysosome stability, glycoprotein syntheses | Defiency:
Night blindness, perifollicular hyperkeratosis, xerophthalmnia, keratomalacia, increased morbidity and mortality in young children Toxicity:
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| Vitamin D | Ultraviolet irradiation of the skin is the major source; fortified milk is main dietary source; fish, liver oils, butter, egg youlk, liver | Calcium and phosphorus absorption; resorption, mineralization, and collagen maturation of bone; tubular reabsorption of phosphorus(?) | Deficiency:
Rickets (tetany sometimes associated), osteomalacia Toxicity:
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| Vitamin E group | Vegetable oil, wheat germ leafy vegetables, egg yolk, margerine, legumes | Intracellular antioxidant, scavenger of free radicals in biologic membranes | Deficiency:
RBC hemolysis, neurologic damage, creatinuria, ceroid deposition in muscle Toxicity:
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| Vitamin
K
(activity) Vitamin K1 (phytonadione) Vitamin K 2 |
Leafy vegetables, pork, liver, vegetable oils, intestinal flora after newborn period+. | Formation of prothrombin and other coagulation factors, normal blood coagulation | Deficiency:
Hemorrhage from deficient prothrombin Toxicity:
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| Essential fatty acids (linoleic, linolec, arachidonic acids) | Vegetable seen oils (corn, sunflower, safflower); margarines blended with vegetable oils | Precursors of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, various hydroxy fatty acids, membrane structure | Growth cessation, dermatosis |
| Thiamine
(vitamin B1) |
Dried yeast, whole grains, meat (especially pork, liver), enriched cereal products, nuts, legumes, potatoes | Carbohydrate metabolism, central and periheral nerve cell function, myocardial function | Beriberi; infantile and adult (peripheral neuropothy, cardia failure; Wernicke - Korsakoff syndrome) |
| Riboflavin (vitamin B2) | Milk, cheese, liver, meat, eggs, enriched cereal products | Many aspects of energy and protein metabolism, integrity of mucos membranes | Cheilosis, angular stomatitis, corneal vascularization, amblyopia, sebaceous dermatosis |
| Niacin
(nicotinic acid, niacinamide) |
Dried yeast, liver, organ meats, whole-grain cereal products | Oxidation - reductions, carbohydrate metabolism | Pellagra (dermatosis, glossitis, GI and CNS dysfuction) |
| Vitamin
B6 group
(pyridoxine) |
Dried yeast, liver, organ meats, whole-grain cereals, fish, legumes | Many aspects of energy and protein matabolism, integrity of mucous membranes | Deficiency:
Convulsions in infacny, anemia's, neuropathy, seborrhea-like skin lesions Toxicity:
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| Folic acid | Fresh green leafy vegetables, fruit, organ meats, liver, dried yeast | Maturation of RBCs, syntheses of purines and pyrimidines | Pancytopenia; megaloblastosis (especially pregnancy, infancy, malabsorption) |
| Vitamin B12 (cobalamins) | Liver, meats (especially beef, pork, organ meats), egg, milk and milk products | Maturation of RBCs;neural function; DNA synthesis, related to folate coenzymes; methionine and acetate synthesis | Pernicious anemia, some psychiatrics syndromes, nutritional amblyopia |
| Biotin | Liver, kidney, egg yolk, yeast, cauliflower, nuts, legumes | Carboxylation and decarboxylation of oxalocetic acid; amino acid and fatty acid metabolism | Dermatitis, glossitis |
| Vitamin
C
(ascorbic acid) |
Critrus fruits, tomatoes, potatoes, cabbage, green peppers | Essential to osteoid tissue, collagen formation, vascular function, tissue respiration, and wound healing | Scurvy (hemorrhages, loose teeth, gingivitis) |
| Sodium | Wide distribution--beef, pork, sardines, cheese, green olives, corn bread, potato chips, sauerkraut | Acid-base balance, osmotic pressure, blood pH, muscle contractility, nerve transmission, sodium pumps | Deficiency:
Hyponatremia, confusion, coma Toxicity:
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| Potassium | Wide distribution-- whole and skim milk, bananas, prunes, raisins | Muscle activity, nerve transmission; intracellular acid-base balance and water retention | Deficiency:
Hypokalemia, paralysis, cardiac disturbances Toxicity:
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| Calcium | Milk and milk products, meat, fish, eggs, cereal products, beans, fruits, vegetables | Bone and tooth formation, blood coagulation, neuromuscular irritability, muscle contractibility, myocardial conduction | Deficiency:
Hypocalcemia and tetany: neuromuscular hyperexcitability Toxicity:
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| Phosphorus | Milk, cheese, meat, poultry, fish, cereals, nuts, legumes | Bone and tooth formation, acid-base balance, component of nucleic acids, energy production | Deficiency:
Irritability, weakness, blood cell disorders, GI tract and renal dysfuction Toxicity:
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| Magnesium | Green leaves, nuts, cereal grains, seafoods | Bone and tooth formation, nerve conduction, muscle contraction, enzyme activation | Deficiency:
Hypo- magnesemia, neuromuscular irritability Toxicity:
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| Iron | Wide disbribution (except dairy products)-- soybean flour, beef, kidney, liver, beans, clams, peaches. Much unavailable (<20% absorbed) | Hemoglobin, myoglobin formation, enzymes | Deficiency:
Anemia, dysphagia, koilonychia, enteropathy, decreased work performance, impaired learning ability Toxicity:
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| Iodine | Seafoods,
iodized salt, dairy products
Water variable |
Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) formation and energy control mechanisms | Deficiency:
Simple (colloid, endemic) goiter, cretinism, deaf-mutism, impaired fetal growth and brain development Toxicity:
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| Flourine | Wide
sistribution -- tea, coffee
Floridation of water supplies with sodium fluoride 1.0-2.0 ppm |
Bone and tooth formation (not strictly an essential nutrient | Deficiency:
Predisposition to dental caries, osteoporosis Toxycity:
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| Zinc | Wide
distribution -- vegetable sources
Much unavailable |
Component of enzymes and insulin; skin integrity, wound healing, groth | Deficiency:
Growth retardation, hypogonadism, hypogeusia, in cirrhosis, acrodermatitis enteropathicia |
| Copper | Wide distribution -- organ meat, oysters, nuts, dried legumes, whole-grain cereals | Enzyme component, hemopoiesis, bone formation | Deficiency:
Anemia in malnourished children, Menkes' kinky hair syndrome Toxicity:
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| Cobalt | Green leafy vegetables | Part
of vitamin
B12 molecule |
Deficiency:
Anemia in children Toxicity:
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| Chronium | Wide distribution -- brewer's yeast | Part of glucose tolerance factor | Deficiency:
Impaired glucose tolerance in malnourished children; some diabetics and some elderly
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| Selenium | Meats and other animal products are reliable sources; soil concentration influences plant content | Component of glutathione peroxidase | Deficiency:
Cardiomyopathy of Keshan disease Toxicity:
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