What is hydrocephalus ? Causes of hydrocephalus Diagnosing hydrocephalus Treating hydrocephalus History of treatment Surgical Procedures Complications of Shunting Effects of hydrocephalus Anatomical Diagrams Glossary Links To my personal pages			ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abdomen The cavity between the diaphragm and the pelvis abdominal To with the abdominal viscera Alzheimer's disease a disease of the nervous system. Mostly the effects are of cognitive imparements, often agitation and emotional outbursts occur. Memory is often affected, this leads to confusion due to difficulty remembering everyday tasks. In later stages there is widespread atrophy of the brain aneurysm A local dilation of an artery anterior to the front antibiotics A drug which destroys bacteria antisiphon device a device which prevents siphoning see the Antisiphon document aplasia defective development of tissue apraxia the inability to recognise common articles or perform correct movenents aqueduct of Sylvius a passage whick connects the third and fourth ventricles aqueductal stenosis Aqueductal stenosis is the enlargement of the lateral and 3rd ventricles with a normal 4th ventricle arachnoid a web-like membrane covering the brain. Lies between the dura and pia matter. arachnoidal villi Where the CSF is produced and reabsorbed into the blood stream Arnold-Chiari malformation a rare congenital anomaly in which two parts of the brain, the brainstem and the cerebellum, are longer than normal and protrude down into the spinal canal. In most cases, symptoms begin during infancy, however onset of symptoms may be delayed until adolescence or adulthood. Symptoms usually include vomiting, muscle weakness in the head and face, difficulty swallowing, and varying degrees of mental impairment. Paralysis of the arms and legs may also occur. Adults and adolescents with Chiari malformation who previously were asymptomatic may show signs of progressive brain impairment as they grow older, such as involuntary, rapid, downward eye movements. Other symptoms include dizziness, headache, double vision, deafness, an impaired ability to coordinate movement, and episodes of acute pain in and around the eyes. arthroscopy The exampnation of a joint using a endoscope aspiration the removal of fluids from a body cavity by means of suction atretic with-out natural openings atrium one of the upper chambers of the heart(pleural = atria) atrophy the wasting away of part of the body due to degeneration of the cells. ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ Bovie cautery an electrical current is used to heat a treatment filament or a tip. The tip becomes extremely hot and is then used to transfer heat to the tissue, producing a thermal clinical effect burr hole A hole drilled into a bone butterfly needle ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ calcification the depositing af calcium oxixe cannula a needle used for draining fluids from the body catheter a tube used for the drainage of a liquid carbonic anhydrase an enzyme. It affects the absorbtion of carbon dioxide in haemoglobin. It also catalyses the formation of carbinic acid in the stomache cauda The bundle of sacral and lumbar nerves with which the spinal chord terminates caudal to do with the cauda cautery a device which used a red hot wire to cauterize a tissue cauterize to cut using heat cerebrospinal fluid See the CSF document choroid plexus a structure lining the floor of the lateral ventricle and the roof of the third and fourth ventricles circulatory system the system which caries blood around the body. cisterns local enlargements of the subarachnoid space claustrophobia a fear of confined spaces coagulate to clot.(coagulation= the thickening of a bodily fluid) commissure fibers connecting different parts of the brain coronal to do with the top(corronal sutere= the area on the top of an infants head where dhe bones have not fused) craniocephalic large head created by a hydrocephalic brain craniosynostosis result of apposition and overlapping of the cranial sutures in an infant, following decompression of hydrocephalus craniotomy surgery which includes opening of the skull cysts a tumour with a membanous capsule which contains fluid ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ Dandy-Walker malformation The Dandy-Walker syndrome is a malformation of the brain that involves the maldevelopment of the cerebellum (hindbrain), associated with a cystic enlargement of this area, and frequently hydrocephalus. dementia a condition where the cognitive functions and the memory are failing dilated opened (eg. the iris of the eye is dilated to let in more light) diptheroids false membranes which grow on mecus membranes distal placed far away dna the matter which containg the all the information needed by a cell. dura mater a tough and fibrous mater which is partialy attached to the cranial cavity The cranial dura matter has 2 layers, the periosteal (outer layer) and the meningeal (inner layer) ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ectopia displacement, or abnormal placement.(ectopic = places abnormaly) electrocardiogram the resulting output from an electocardiograph electocardiograph an aparatus which measures the electrical activity of the heart endoscope a device which passes light into a body cavity and allows the body cavity to be viewed Endoscopy The usage of an endoscope to examing internal body cavities encysted enclosed in a cyst ependyma The membrane lining of the cerebral ventricles and the spinal chord epilepsy disturbances in the medial temporal lobe structures. the effects are convulsive seizures of varying severity etiology The cause of diseases, and the study thereof ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ fenestrate to cut an opening in a membrane, often to allow fluid to escape. fiberoptic Using glass strands to pass light. fontanel a soft membranous space between the cranial bones of an infant foramena of Luschka two lateral openings which serve to connect the fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space foramen of Magendie a medial opening which serves to connect the fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space foramina of Monroe a medial opening which serves to connect lateral ventriclesto the third ventricle fossa a small depression or pit fulminating occuring suddenly, and quick to take course ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ glioma a malignant growth of nerve connective tissue ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ Hematoma (haematoma) a hemorrhage in the brain hemorrhage a bleeding into a blody cavity hemostat a clamp used for stopping bloodflow hypernatremia a condition of increased sodium in the body. This elevated fluid osmolarity. generaly seen in infants under 6 months old. evidence of dehydration is seen hypotension low pressure ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ incisions a cut indolent slow ;slow to heal intravenous into the blood suply ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ jugular to do with the neck (eg jugular vein) ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ Klippel-Feil syndrome fussion of, or reduction in numbers, of the cervical vertibrea. Affected children have short necks and low hairlines, movement of the neck is limited. Compression of the spinal chord can cause paraplegia. Can cause retardation or learning dificulties. ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ lateral to the side Lethargy a condition of drosiness or stupor lesions a wound or injury. A mirbis structural change in an organ. ligature a thread used to tie a vessel lumbar to do with the lower section of the spine lumbar puncture a prodedure in which a canula is inserted into the spinal canal, usually to extract or measure the pressure of the CSF. ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ meninges The membranes covering the brain and spinal chord(the dura matter, the arachnoid, and the pia matter). They protect and nourish the brainstem and spinal cord meningitis inflamation of the meninges microgyria a disorder of neuronal migration characterized by an excess of secondary sulcation of the cerebral hemispheres resulting in a brain with a complex convolutional pattern. myelomeningocele a herniation of the meninges and the spinal chord, a seen in spina bifida ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ neonatal refering to the first months of life neonate a child in the first 2 years of life nuclei plural of nucleus. nucleus The dna containing part of the cell, it controls the activity of the cell. nystagmus involuntary rapid movement of the eyeball ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ occipital refering to the back of the head occlusion a blockage optic nerves nerves to do with the image from the eye orthopaedic to do with the correction of deformities osmolarity to do with regulation of liquid passing through a cell membrane ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ P wave The P wave is caused by the depolarization of the right and left atrium Palpation contraction papilledema swelling of the eye's nerve papilloma a growth of epithelial tissue parenchyma The lining of the spine and brain Parinaud's syndrome paralysis of upward gaze secondary to compression of the midbrain tectum Parkinson's uncontrolable contractions of muscles, particularily hands and feet patency openness pathology the cause of a disease, or the study thereof pathophysiology the causing physical factor pediatric to do with childrens diseases peritoneal to do with the the peritoneum peritoneal cavity (the cavity in the abdomen in which all of the intestines and abdominal organs are located) peritoneum the membrame lining of the abdominal cavity peritonitis inflamation of the peritoneum pharmacological to do with drugs or medicines pineal gland a small cone shaped structure on the base of the brain, it produces hormones which are thought to affect the actions of several other glands such as the pituitary, adrenal glands, and the gonads. Platybasia is a deformity where the angle formed by the basisphenoid and the clivus, normally 130-140 degrees, is increased with flattening of the skull base pleura the membrame lining the thorax pleural to do with the pleura pleural space the cavity within the chest which surrounds the lungs polygyria excess of the normal number of convolutions of the brain. porencephaly Abnormal cavity within brain tissue, usually resulting from outpouching of a lateral ventricle proximal possitioned close by pseudo a prefix. meaning false pus yellow substance consisting of dead leucocytes, bacteria, debris of cells, and tissue fluid. It is the result of pagocytes destroying bacteria ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ radioisotope a substance which gives of radiation ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ sagital arrow shaped saline containing salt(s). A 0.9% salt solition for replaceing body fluids scintillation scoliosis abnormal curviture of the spine septicemia infection on the blood suply silicones organic compounds containing silica, which are repellant to water sinus a venous channel, especialy within the cranium siphoning the drawing of a liquid from one place to another, by utilizing the fact that liquids flow to the place of lower pressure slit ventricle syndrome a condition where the ventricles are much smaller than usual sonogram an image gathered by usage of sound waves, this removes the risk caused by radiation. A sonogram is a quicker method of scanning, and the apparatus is more portable. spina bifida a congenital condition where the meninges and nerves protrude through and opening in the lower spinal column Staphylococcus a species of bacteria stenosis narrowing of a vessel(blood or CSF vessels) sternomastoid muscle a large muscle between the sternum and the head. stupor a state where a person deos not react or interact with its suroundings stylette subarachnoid spaces spaces which contain CSF which serve as a cusion for the brain and spine subcutaneous inder the skin subdural under the dura mater suprasellar region suture a stitch, or a series of stitches closing a wound; The bones at the top of hte head with close after birth syrinx ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ tectal concerning the tectum tectum the roof of the midbrain, it contains reflex centers for visual and auditory inpulses tentorial notch a large oval opening which surrounds the midbrain theca a sheath, eg the covering of the spinal chord three way stopcock thrombosis the formation of a thrombus thrombus a stationary blood clot caused by the coagulation of the blood. Torcula Herophili and inion torso the bulk of the body. The body excluding the limbs and head. toxoplasmosis a condition of enlarged glands and fever, caused by a protozoon trauma damage to the body ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ umbilicus tha navel; the scar in the center of the abdomen urological to do with diseases of the urinary tract utero to do with the uterus(womb) ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ vascular relating to vessels; consisting largely of vessels vein of Galen a large vein which collects venous blood from the internal cerebral veins and two basal veins. venous to do with the veins; consisting largely of veins ventriculostomy surgery of the ventricles ventricles a fluid filled spaces in the drain; the lower chambers of the heart vermis the part of the brain which connects the the two hemispheres villi finger-like projections from a surphase. viscera the internal organs of the body ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ