MARTIAL ARTIST

In Crouching Tiger, the distinctive Hong Kong style of airborne stunt choreography known as "wirework" offers an eye-popping showcase for this technique. As 17th-century crusading Chinese kung fu masters, Asian superstars Chow Yun-Fat and Michelle Yeoh balance in treetops and leap tall buildings, righting wrongs as they go. To achieve these stunning effects, Lee hired Yuen Wo-Ping, the world's pre-eminent vaulting-wire specialist, for his unique expertise in the 400-year-old sword-and-sorcery genre known as wu xia, or "martial chivalry."

You probably know Yuen Wo-Ping's work, even if you've never heard his name. He's the guy who dangled Keanu Reeves from a great height in The Matrix, in sequences that you may have assumed were done with computer graphic imaging and trick machines like the motion-freezing Timeline camera. "Maybe consciously people assume that The Matrix is all CGI," Schamus contends. "But I think the grain of reality comes through. That's why those scenes were so spectacularly well received. You felt that these people were actually in the air, flipping and kicking and jumping. What you didn't see was the highly trained core of people that Yuen works with, pulling all the wires." One of the producers of The Matrix, Barrie Osborne, calls the technique "a form of puppeteering, only with people."

Like all fans of Chinese action movies, Lee had known about Master Yuen (as he is nearly always called) for years. This was, after all, the man whose first two films as a director, Snake in the Eagle's Shadow (1978) and Drunken Master (1979), had vaulted Jackie Chan to international celebrity. Most of the glory fell to Chan as the star, but for Lee, "It was Yuen Wo-Ping who really revolutionized the kung fu genre in those films, by making the action into a form of slapstick. He took away some of the grimness, some of the self-importance and the violence, the lust for revenge, that got into the genre after Bruce Lee."

In person, Yuen Wo-Ping doesn't look much like a revolutionary. He is a mild-mannered, middle-aged gentleman with big, curious eyes, who, on a breezy day in Santa Monica, comes to a poolside table in a tightly zippered windbreaker, with a baseball cap jammed on his head. He presents himself as a blunt and practical man, but also speaks frequently of what he was trying to "express" in the martial-arts sequences: "I want to bring out the aestheticism of the art form, because I really believe that this is a type of art. I want to bring out its beauty by incorporating dance movements, so that the elegance of the gestures can be seen more clearly."

Master Yuen's formative training wasn't in combat martial arts, but in a Chinese performance tradition he is always careful to refer to as "stage wu shu, theatrical kung fu," which is a whirlwind form of acrobatic dancing. Born into a family of Beijing opera performers in 1945, Yuen also has deep roots in the central traditions of Hong Kong action cinema. He was trained by his father, opera performer turned movie actor Simon Yuen Hsiao-Tien, and entered the Hong Kong industry in the late 1950s as a stuntman and background fighter in old-school martial-arts films. "In the early days, I was always the one who was picked to die first," he says. "I was very good at falling down dead."

For all his traditional background, Yuen has proved amazingly adaptable, scoring major box-office hits as a director over three decades. In the '70s, he made rambunctious old-style period films like The Magnificent Butcher (1979) and then switched to kung fu-flavored contemporary cop movies, notably Tiger Cage (1988), after John Woo's gangster pictures set a new trend. Yuen was uniquely equipped to reinvigorate sword-based Chinese martial arts that had survived mostly on the Beijing opera stage. He used these with great flair as the producer and stunt choreographer of the first two films in director Tsui Hark's mid-1990s Once Upon a Time in China series of jazzed-up retro revivals with swashbuckling heroics. "In those films," Lee explains, "Wo-Ping was moving away from the hard Hong Kong-based kung fu of his early work, taking the exhilaration to another level. The style was more operatic than anything he had done before, and his talent for wirework really came to the fore." The Once Upon a Time films helped kick off a new wave of interest in the wu xia genre.

For Lee, the touchstone was not The Matrix, but later Yuen films like Iron Monkey (1993) and especially the Michelle Yeoh/Jet Li vehicle Tai Chi Master (1993). "As a practitioner of tai chi myself, I wanted to do softer Northern, Wudan-style martial arts [flowing, yielding movements], instead of the hard Southern, Shaolin style [short, hard punches]. Wo-Ping is the only martial-arts expert who is into the soft styles." This was crucial for a movie that is as much a love story as an action drama. Yuen agrees. "When I did films like Iron Monkey, I wanted the martial arts to be very down-to-earth. Everything happens from the ground up. That's a more practical and realistic approach. But in Crouching Tiger, I was trying to express the magical characteristics of old-style wu xia. I still tried to incorporate some realistic touches, so that the people were not just flying through the air. They can leap high, but they always have some kind of springboard on the ground."

Like many leading lights in the stunt and action fields, Yuen Wo-Ping is a safety fanatic. "If you watch him work," Schamus says, "you are looking at someone who knows he has people's lives in his hands. It's difficult for the rest of us to understand what it must be like to get up in the morning and go to work and know that if you're not 100 percent focused, every second of the day, somebody could be dead. That's certainly not my workday!" For all his modesty, Yuen runs his stunt team as a rock-ribbed Confucian hierarchy. "For them it's a master-disciple relationship," says Lee. "They come from a blue-collar work-ethic background. He brings them into the movie business as apprentices, gives them a livelihood, gives them knowledge. So they treat him like a master, like a father, and they show him absolute loyalty and obedience."

Lee, an NYU Film School graduate who established his reputation with high-toned art movies like Eat Drink Man Woman (1994) and Sense and Sensibility (1995), admits there may have been some tension at first in his dealings with Yuen's crew: "To them, I'm probably a bourgeois daydreamer. Even to squeeze in and say something was not easy. Over the months, I was very grateful that they began to open up." On a day-to-day basis, though, the action was left almost entirely in Yuen's hands. In his script, Schamus says, he often put down little more than "They fight," leaving Yuen to work out the specifics. "You would literally watch him create storyboards in his head as he was moving through the action." As Lee sees it, "No one else can help Yuen Wo-Ping with that stuff. His brain is not like anybody else's."

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