I have tried this recipe and I love it! I omit the bacon from the recipe. When I first wrote this Web page, my son hated this recipe! Now he requests it.

Three of her recipes are available at Recipes from Laura Bush at www.whitehouse.gov, the White House's official web site.

Both Jeremy and I like the cookies, which I baked for 2006 Presidents' Day; however, they are as rich as the Bushs' pre-tax income. This recipe which makes a huge quantity of cookies is easily halved. Form the cookies by making a small ball of dough in your hands. Place the mounds on an ungreased cookie sheet. Allow enough room for them to spread.

BUSH FAMILY ZUNI STEW and MANSION'S SUMMER PEACH TEA PUNCH, a favorites of President George W. Bush, are a few of the recipes found in "Presidential Favorites.... " Also, google "site:www.cdkitchen.com "president's day" recipe."

Alma Powell is married to Colin Powell, a decorated Army general and President Bush's former Secretary of State. "...As a young girl, she liked reading her favorite book, Heidi, in the kitchen: "I always had to eat whatever they were eating in the book. And I remember eating cheese and wondering if it tasted like the cheese Heidi ate."" (Source: "Alma Powell's promise: The general's wife teaches kids compassion and the value of community" by Ayesha Court.)

Mrs. Powell "...grows exasperated when discussing the time crunch families face today, and the loss of little rituals that foster a close bond between parent and child. "The other day, I saw in the frozen food section a peanut-butter-and-jelly sandwich in one of those kits to take to school," she says. "What's so hard about making a peanut-butter-and-jelly sandwich?"" (Source: "Alma Powell's promise: The general's wife teaches kids compassion and the value of community" by Ayesha Court.)

As a tribute to Alma Powell, here's a link to instructions on How to Make a Peanut Butter and Jelly Sandwich.

"Mrs. Grace Walker shared this recipe with Mrs. [Barbara] Bush. It has been the favorite dessert of Florida's Governor John Ellis Bush and the 43rd President, George Walker Bush, since their childhood. No one can recall who was the first to claim this dessert as his very own favorite, so Mrs. Bush and Paula make sure it is offered every time either one of them comes to visit. According to Paula, when she or Mrs. Bush baked the peaches when the children were a lot younger, the aroma filled the house and gave rise to household jokes such as Jeb or George must have gotten good grades on their report cards, so they're having peaches -- or won a game, or lost a tooth. When one of them comes home for a visit, the sweet peach aroma will still fill the air. The recipe is so simple and easy to prepare, but it's also elegant and very entertaining to serve. Mrs. Bush also added that Aunt Grace and Uncle Lou came over for dinner one night and were served the peaches for dessert. She asked Mrs. Bush wherever did she get this recipe -- not remembering that she gave it to Mrs. Bush."

"Historic Michie Tavern in Charlottesville was a meeting place for patriots such as Thomas Jefferson,carter James Madison and Patrick Henry. During the tavern�s first Christmas in the 1700s, the doors were left open to greet friends and weary travelers. The Michies prepared these special biscuits as gifts for all to enjoy. The inn still prepares this bread and serves it to guests during Yuletide."

You'll also find recipes for Martha Washington�s Great Cake, Ferry Farm Maple-Honey Sauce, and Kenmore Gingerbread on this Web page.

"The Huguenot Torte is one of Charleston�s most famous dishes. This apple-and-nut torte first appeared in print in 1950 in Charleston Receipts, the oldest Junior League cookbook still in print. The torte was adapted to honor the Protestant French Huguenot immigrants in Charleston. The first group of Huguenots to arrive in Charleston in search of religious freedom was in 1680. Others soon followed, after the reversal of the Edict of Nantes in 1685."

From a former Web site:

"South Carolina�s greatest contributionto the White House might be the recipe for the Huguenot Torte. Angelica Singleton included it in the wagonload of trunks bearing her bridal trousseau from Home Place near Sumter when she married Maj. Abraham Van Buren and became her father-in-law�s first lady in the fall of 1838. Of all the favorite recipes of presidents of the United States pictured in The First Ladies Cook Book, the Huguenot Torte is the most colorful and mouth-watering dessert. A hit at the White House, this dessert is described as �rich cake, variously made, as of eggs, finely chopped nuts, and crumbs or a little flour.�"

Huguenots were among my ancestors.

"American Heritage Cookbook (1964)

A cold dessert, similar to the original charlotte, and most likely created by Car�me (1783-1833). It was served at the White House during Martin Van Buren's Presidency."

"Dated 1480 [Sally Lunns] is the oldest domestic building in Bath. It is famous for Sally Lunn buns - sometimes known as the Bath Bun - baked in the house since 1860 to a secret recipe. Sally was a French (Huguenot) refugee at that time, who brought with her a different style of baking bread. In the basement of the building you can still see, if you visit, Sally's wall oven and also , at a lower level, another oven used by friars even before Sally's time."

"Translated from the french while he was stationed in France."

Antoine Augustin Parmentier: "Pharmacist and agonomist (and eventually Inspector of Public Health) best known for popularizing the potato in France. His most famous publicity stunts were posting a prominent military guard over his Paris potato patch by day but sending the guards home at night, to convince the locals that potatoes were valuable and to give them a chance to steal some to try them at home, and entertaining Benjamin Franklin at a grandiose banquet of which every course was prepared from potatoes. He is commemorated in the names of numerous potato dishes and in that of a Paris metro station (two stops northwest of Pere Lachaise Cemetery on the #3 line), which was recently redecorated entirely in a potato theme."

This Web page includes recipes for POTAGE PARMENTIER and VICHYSOISSE.

Do you know that Benjamin Franklin was once a vegetarian? In his autobiography, he relates why he ceased to be one:

"I believe I have omitted mentioning that, in my first voyage from Boston, being becalm'd off Block Island, our people set about catching cod, and hauled up a great many. Hitherto I had stuck to my resolution of not eating animal food, and on this occasion consider'd, with my master Tryon, the taking every fish as a kind of unprovoked murder, since none of them had, or ever could do us any injury that might justify the slaughter. All this seemed very reasonable. But I had formerly been a great lover of fish, and, when this came hot out of the frying-pan, it smelt admirably well. I balanc'd some time between principle and inclination, till I recollected that, when the fish were opened, I saw smaller fish taken out of their stomachs; then thought I, "If you eat one another, I don't see why we mayn't eat you." So I din'd upon cod very heartily, and continued to eat with other people, returning only now and then occasionally to a vegetable diet. So convenient a thing it is to be a reasonable creature, since it enables one to find or make a reason for everything one has a mind to do."

"...One windy day around 1770 at a pond in Clapham, near London, as Franklin later wrote,

I fetched out a Cruet of Oil, and dropt a little of it on the Water. I saw it spread itself with surprising Swiftness upon the Surface. ... I then went to the Windward Side, where [the waves] began to form; and there the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful produced an instant Calm, over a Space several yards square, which spread amazingly, and extended itself gradually till it reached the Lee Side, making all that Quarter of the Pond, perhaps half and Acre, as smooth as a Looking Glass.""

From: An experiment with Mayonnaise, An extended quote from The Curious Cook : more kitchen science and lore by Harold McGee, 1990.

From a former Web site:

"While in London, Benjamin Franklin wrote his wife, Deborah, begging her to send him by the first packet out of Philadelphia the American foods for which he longed - apples, cranberries, peaches, buckwheat flour and corn meal. At its best, a trip across the Atlantic Ocean took time. The only way to send perishable fruits was to dry or preserve them."

"You require my History from the time I set Sail for America. I left England about the End of August 1762, in Company with Ten Sail of Merchant Ships under Convoy of a Man of War. We had a pleasant Passage to Madeira, an Island and Colony belonging to Portugal, where we were kindly receiv'd and entertain'd, our Nation being then in high Honour with them, on Account of the Protection it was at that time affording their Mother Country from the united Invasions of France and Spain. 'Tis a fertile Island, and the different Heights and Situations among its Mountains, afford such different Temperaments of Air, that all the Fruits of Northern and Southern Countries are produc'd there, Corn, Grapes, Apples, Peaches, Oranges, Lemons, Plantains, Bananas, &c. Here we furnish'd ourselves with fresh Provisions and Refreshments of all kinds, and after a few Days proceeded on our Voyage, running Southward till we got into the Trade Winds, and then with them Westward till we drew near the Coast of America...."

One cookbook attributed this recipe to Benjamin Franklin.

This article includes a recipe for Johnny Cakes, a favorite dish of William McKinley.

The revolutionary army survived the winter, and we all know what happened after that."

This Web page includes recipes for Great Cake; Fruit Cake; Devil's Food; Pie; Cookies, and Candy.

Above, John Adams from the collection of Famous Clip Art.

This is a recipe page. I did not say what kind of recipes.

John Adams' diary is available on-line, as a transcription and as images. In his own hand, you can see where he wrote about the manners of Bob Paine on Thanksgiving 1758:

"Last Superiour Court at Worcester [Bob Paine] dined in Company with Mr. Gridly, Mr. Trowbridge, and several others, at Mr. Putnams, and altho a modest attentive Behaviour would have best become him in such a Company, yet he tried to ingross the whole Conversation to himself. He did the same, in the Evening, when all the judges of the Superiour Court with Mr. Winthrop, Sewall, &c. were present, and he did the same last Thanksgiving day, at Coll. Quincies, when Mr. Wibirt, Mr. Cranch &c. were present. This Impudence may [illegible] sett the Million a Gape at him but will make all Persons of Sense despize him, or hate him."

See: John Adams diary 2, 5 October 1758 - 9 April 1759 [electronic edition]. Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive. Massachusetts Historical Society. http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/

"This Morning the Captain and a Passenger came on board The Boston from The Julie, a large Ship bound to Saint Domingo, to make Us a Visit. They invited Us on board to dine. Captain Palmes, Jesse Deane,John Quincy Adams and myself, went, and found a very pretty Ship, an elegant Cabin and every Accommodation. The white Stone plates were laid, a clean Napkin in each and a Cut of very fine Bread. The Cloth, Plates, Servants, all things were as neat as in any Gentlemans House. The first Dish was a French Soup. I had heard of Soup Meagre, which in America as well as in England had been a termWords of Contempt: but I thought if this was Soup meagre, it was a very respectable thing. Then a dish of boiled Beef, as I called it, having never heard the Word Bouillie. Then the Lights of a Calf dressed one Way and the Liver another. Then roasted Mutton. Then fricasseed Mutton. A good Sallad and something very like Asparagus, but not it. The Bread which had been baked on board was very fine. We had then Prunes, Almonds and the most delicious Raisins I ever saw; Dutch Cheese, then a Dish of Coffee, then a little glass of French Liqueur. Wine and Water and excellent Claret with our dinner. All these Appearances and provisions were luxuries to which We had been Strangers for many Weeks...."

Above, a replica of the Jeanie Johnston is shown in front of the Carnival cruise line's Victory in Saint John's harbour. She puts the journies of John Adams, Jonathan Sewell, and their children, and the meal of John Adams on board The Julie, into perspective.

"Mounted my Horse in a very Rainy Morning for Barnstable leaving my Dear Brother Cranch and his family at my House where they arrived last Night, and my Wife, all designing for Weymouth this Afternoon to Keep the fast with my father Smith and my Friend Tufts. Arrived at Dr. Tufts's, where I found a fine Wild Goose on the Spit and Cramberries stewing in the Skillet for Dinner. Tufts as soon as he heard that Cranch was at Braintree determined to go over, and bring him and Wife and Child and my Wife and Child over to dine upon wild Goose and Cramberry Sause."

See: John Adams diary 14, July 1766, 4 April - 18 May 1767 [electronic edition]. Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive. Massachusetts Historical Society. http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/

On another occasion, he wrote: "I am obliged to break off my Narration, in order to swallow a Porringer of Hasty Pudding and Milk. I have done my Dinner"

"Saturday I dined with him in Company with Brigadier Prebble, Major Freeman and his son, &c. and a very genteel Dinner we had. Salt Fish and all its apparatus, roast Chickens, Bacon, Pees, as fine a Salad as ever was made, and a rich meat Pie-Tarts and Custards &c., good Wine and as good Punch as ever you made. A large spacious, elegant House, Yard and Garden &c. I thought I had got into the Palace of a Nobleman. After Dinner when I was obliged to come away, he renewed his Invitation to me to make his House my Home, whenever I should come to Town again."

See: Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams, 9 July 1774 [electronic edition]. Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive. Massachusetts Historical Society. http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/

"One of our Senators Yesterday, Mr. Ross of Pensilvania after walking a great deal about Town went imprudently to a Pump and drank too freely of cold Water in Consequence of which he was taken very ill at Mr. Binghams where he was at Dinner and obliged to go home and be bled and vomited. I hope he will be able to go out to day: but he had a nice nice risque of his Life."

See: Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams, 18 June 1795 [electronic edition]. Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive. Massachusetts Historical Society. http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/

"I believe I forgot to tell you one Anecdote: When I first came to this House it was late in the Afternoon, and I had ridden 35 miles at least. "Madam" said I to Mrs. Huston, "is it lawfull for a weary Traveller to refresh himself with a Dish of Tea provided it has been honestly smuggled, or paid no Duties?"

"No sir, said she, we have renounced all Tea in this Place. I cant make Tea, but He make you Coffee." Accordingly I have drank Coffee every Afternoon since, and have borne it very well. Tea must be universally renounced. I must be weaned, and the sooner, the better.

See: Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams, 6 July 1774, "Our J. [Justice] H. [Hutchinson] is eternally giving his Political Hints..." [electronic edition]. Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive. Massachusetts Historical Society. http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/

See: Letter from Abigail Adams to John Adams, 20 October 1789 [electronic edition]. Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive. Massachusetts Historical Society. http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/

On another occasion, he wrote:

The President and his Lady enquired kindly after your Health. Mr. Cranch I took with me on Sunday Evening and presented him to all the Family, where we drank Coffee and spent two Hours. He gave The President and Lady a particular Account of the present State of the City of Washington.

See: Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams, 11 November 1794 [electronic edition]. Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive. Massachusetts Historical Society. http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/

"I have had a fine Time of it. I drank Frontinac and Mountain Malaga, and eat Oysters in order to make the Pock fill well, till I filld up about 30 fine ones."

See: Letter from John Adams to Abigail Smith, 4 May 1764 [electronic edition]. Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive. Massachusetts Historical Society. http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/

What is a pock? "(Pock) n. [OE. pokke, AS. pocc, poc; akin to D. pok, G. pocke, and perh. to E. poke a pocket. Cf. Pox.] (Med.) A pustule raised on the surface of the body in variolous and vaccine diseases." Was he referring to his stomach?

In his diary he wrote that "I eat Milk for breakfast." In a letter, he wrote, " ...To night I must go to the Ball: where I suppose I shall get a cold, and have to eat Gruel for Breakfast for a Week afterwards. This will be no punishment...."

At this Web page, you can view his recipe in his own handwriting.

"A passionate gourmet, Jefferson acquired a stock of standard French recipes for sauces, fruit tarts, French-fried potatoes, blood sausages, pigs' feet, rabbit, pigeons, and various other dishes. Among the most popular of these recipes at Monticello was this one for vanilla ice cream--written by Jefferson, with his own recipe for Savoy cookies to accompany the dessert on the back."

Only eight recipes in Jefferson's own hand have survived.

Savoy cookies appear to be Savoy biscuits, or ladyfinger cookies.

He instructed BEEF SOUP to be cooked as follows: ""Always observe to lay your meat in the bottom of the pan with a lump of butter. Cut the herbs and vegetables very fine and lay over the mean. Cover it close and set over a slow fire. This will draw the virtue out of the herbs and roots and give the soup a different flavour from what it would have from putting the water in at first. When the gravy produced from the meat is almost dried up, fill your pan with water. When your soup is done, take it up and when cool enough, skim off the grease quite clean. Put it on again to heat and then dish it up.""

"The muffin little Ben was eating was likely made according to the recipe of Peter Hemings, head cook at Monticello. The popularity of these "Monticello Muffins" is attested to by Jefferson's letter from the President's House to his daughter Martha at Monticello: "Pray enable yourself to direct us here how to make muffins in Peter's method. My cook here cannot succeed at all in them, and they are a great luxury to me.""

"James K. Polk, of North Carolina, (1845-49) had southern tastes -- Tennesee ham and hickory nut cake...."

"...Angel Cake was one of the favorite dessert of Lucy Webb Hayes, wife of Rutherford B. Hayes (1822-1893), nineteenth President of the United States. Cookbook authors, Poppy Cannon and Patricia Brooks, wrote the following on the history of Angel Cake in their cookbook, The Presidents' Cookbook - Practical Recipes from George Washington to the Present:

Considering the character of gentle, sweet-tempered Lucy Hayes, it seems fitting that Angel Cake should be one of her favorite desserts...."

"Bosse, Kathleen L. �A First Lady�s Dessert.� Yankee. December 1996. A recipe for Grace Coolidge�s Mississippi Mud cake."

"Christmas is not a time nor a season, but a state of mind. To cherish peace and goodwill, to be plenteous in mercy, is to have the real spirit of Christmas. If we think on these things, there will be born in us a Savior and over us will shine a star sending its gleam of hope to the world." -- Calvin Coolidge

Plymouth Cheese: An historical cheese readied for a second rebirth

"The Plymouth Cheese Corporation was first planned in the 1880s and built in 1890. It began operating the following year, when Calvin was a young man of 19. The milk that would be turned into cheese came from five farmers, among them, Col. John Coolidge, father of the future President...."

Ozark Pudding is said to be an old traditional French Huguenot recipe.

This Web page includes recipes for Coconut Balls; Mrs. Truman's Punch; Mrs. Truman's Fruit Punch; Mrs. Truman's Bing Cherry Mould (Salad), and Mrs. Truman's Frozen Lemon Pie.

Of all the recipes that we've tried on this page, this is our favorite, hands down!

"Serendipity frozen hot chocolate is a signature dish at the Serendipity 3, nestled in the heart of the upper east side of New York. The place is a general store and restaurant combined with a coffeehouse and soda fountain and serves the most famous dessert in New York.

Serendipity New York was founded by Stephen Bruce and his two partners, Calvin Holt and Preston �Patch� Caradine in 1954. Since that time Stephen Bruce has been asked constantly to divulge his secret about his Serendipity frozen hot chocolate recipe. Jackie Kennedy even wanted to serve the dessert at a White House event and he would not give his secret away."

"This was FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover's favorite soup. I'm not kidding. If you wrote to the FBI and asked, this was what you'd be told. Ironically, also a favorite in the John F. Kennedy White House. Not for the faint of heart."

An historic recipe served during President Gerald Ford's administration.

If my son's father was to be the judge, this recipe is not for the faint of heart. I made a version of this and he looked ill, which he rarely did.

Variation: First, layer a small amount of hot fudge sauce on the bottom of the pie crust until covered (about 1/4" thick), and put in the freezer for 15 minutes.

From Senator John Edwards,' a 2004 Democratic nominee, Web site:

"At Campaign Headquarters in Raleigh, N.C., volunteers and staff often benefit from the warm hospitality of Bobbie and Wallace Edwards, the senator's parents.

Bobbie's kitchen has made the campaign so much sweeter. See for yourself -- or rather -- taste for yourself. Contribute to the campaign today and Bobbie will send you one of her most popular recipes as a special 'thank you': Peanut Butter Pie with Fudge Sauce."

Even after Senator Edwards became the Democrats' official nominee for Vice-President, I can not remember Senator Edwards offering his mother's recipe for free. Here was an interesting exhange at daily KOS.

This recipe is from King's Arms Tavern, Colonial Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Virginia.

Former first lady Rosalynn Carter's recipe for peanut soup appears in the cookbook Tea-Time.

Compare with Wisconsin Cheddar Cheese Spread.

"65 pages from the White House Central Files for the administration of President John F. Kennedy...include correspondence between Kennedy and the family of an American solider killed in Vietnam in 1963. Documents cover mundane inquiries from the public, on issues such as the presidents attire and the recipe for his favorite dish, New England clam chowder."

Apparently, it was also the favourite soup of George H. W. Bush.

This Web site also includes the recipes for the favorite soups of Princess Diana and Alfred Hitchcock.

I made this recipe for Presidents' Day 2006. I liked it; Jeremy didn't. If you're like me in that you don't like the taste of grated lemon rind, you could try decreasing the amount of it in the recipe. The recipe calls for the grated rinds of 3 lemons!!!

Coconut Cream Pie is a favorite recipe of both my son and his father.

"...In an interview aired on National Public Radio, Heinz Kerry disowned the pumpkin spice cookie recipe submitted as hers for a Family Circle cookie bake-off with Laura Bush -- going so far as to say that a staff member "made it on purpose to give a nasty recipe."" "Mrs. Heinz Kerry said: "Somebody at my office gave that recipe out and, in fact, I think somebody really made it on purpose to give a nasty recipe. I never made pumpkin cookies; I don't like pumpkin spice cookies."" Soooo, does Senator Kerry and his family REALLY enjoy Massachusetts Cranberry Bread.

See: "Teresa Heinz Kerry is not afraid to speak her mind: Her convention speech is introduction to U.S." by Steven Thomma of July 28, 2004.

"...Senator and wannabe president Bob Dole doted on it; former Representative and former President Gerald Ford swore by it...."

"This 1988 Ladies Home Journal first prize apple pie winner was from the senator's wife, Elizabeth Dole [,and wannabe president]."

After much investigation, it appears that the author of the following article is unknown:

On July 4, 1776, delegates to the Continental Congress voted to accept the declaration of Independence in Philadelphia�s Independence Hall. On August 2, fifty-six men signed their names to the historic document, giving birth to a new nation as they declared their independence from Great Britain.

Have you ever wondered what happened to the men who signed the Declaration of Independence? Who were these "super-patriots"? Most were well-educated, prosperous businessmen and professionals. Two dozen were lawyers or judges; nine were farmers or plantation owners; eleven were merchants. Among them were also physicians, politicians, educators, and a minister; several were sons of pastors.

Here is the documented fate of that gallant fifty-six.

Carter Braxton of Virginia, a wealthy planter and trader saw his ships swept from the seas by the British Navy. He sold his home and properties to pay his debts and died in rags.

Thomas Nelson, Jr., of Virginia, raised $2 million to supply our French allies by offering his property as collateral. Because he was never reimbursed by the struggling new government, he was unable to repay the note when it came due � wiping out his entire estate. In the final battle of Yorktown, Nelson urged George Washington to fire on his home as it was occupied by British General Cornwallis. Nelson�s home was destroyed, leaving him bankrupt when he died.

Thomas McKeam was so hounded by the British that he was forced to move his family almost constantly. He served in the congress without pay, and his family was kept in hiding. His possessions were taken from him, and poverty was his reward.

Vandals and enemy soldiers looted the properties of Bartlett, Ellery, Clymer, Hall, Gwinnet, Walton, Heward, Rutledge, and Middleton; the latter four captured and imprisoned.

Francis Lewis had his home and properties destroyed. The enemy jailed his wife, and she died within a few months.

After signing the Declaration, Richard Stockton, a State Supreme Court Justice, rushed back to his estate near Princeton in an effort to save his wife and children. Although he and his family found refuge with friends, a Tory betrayed him. Judge Stockton was pulled from bed in the night and beaten by British soldiers. Then he was jailed and deliberately starved. After his release, with his home burned and all of his possessions destroyed, he and his family were forced to live on charity.

John Hart was driven from his wife�s bedside as she was dying. Their thirteen children fled for their lives. His fields and his gristmill were laid to waste. For more than a year he lived in forests and caves, returning home to find his wife dead and his children vanished. A few weeks later he died from exhaustion and a broken heart

Lewis Morris and Philip Livingston suffered fates similar to Hart�s.

John Hancock, one of the wealthiest men in New England, stood outside Boston one terrible evening of the war and said, "Burn, Boston, though it makes John Hancock a beggar, if the public good requires it." He lost most of his fortune during the war, having given over $100,000 to the cause of freedom.

Caesar Rodney, Delaware statesman, was gravely ill with facial cancer. Unless he returned to England for treatment, his life would end. Yet Rodney sealed his fate by signing the Declaration of Independence. He was one of several who fulfilled their pledge with their lives.

In all, five of the fifty-six were captured by the British and tortured. Twelve had their homes ransacked, looted, confiscated by the enemy, or burned to the ground. Seventeen lost their fortunes. Two lost their sons in the army; another had two sons captured. Nine of the fifty-six lost their lives in the war, from wounds or hardships inflicted by the enemy.

It is important to remember that despite the hardships, not a single one of them defected or failed to honor his pledge. They paid their price and freedom was born.

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