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² Gary P. Mallon, "At Risk and Invisible," Children's Voice, Summer 1993.

³ Child Welfare League of America, "Serving the Needs of Gay and Lesbian Youths: The Role of Child Welfare Agencies, Recommendations of a Colloquium -January 25-26, 1991," (Washington D.C., 1991).

⁴ G. P. Mallon, "At Risk and Invisible: Gay and Lesbian Adolescents in the Child Welfare System," Children's Voice, 2.4 (1993).

⁵ The Child Welfare League of America.

⁶ J. Hunter and R. Schaecher, "Lesbian and Gay Youth," Planning to Live -Evaluating and Treating Suicidal Teens in Community Settings, ed. M. J. Rotherram-Borus, J. Bradley, and N. Obolensky (Tulsa: U. of Oklahoma P., 1990).

⁷ R. F. Kourany, "Suicide Among Homosexual Adolescents," The Journal of Homosexuality 13.4 (1987).; T. Majeski, "Gay Youth Often Try Suicide, Study Shows," St. Paul Pioneer Press 31 May 1991: 15.; G. Remefedi, J. Farrow, and R. Deisher, "Risk factors for Attempted Suicide in Gay and Bisexual Youth," Pediatrics 87.6 (1991): 869-876.; E. R. Rofes, "Lesbian and Gay Youth Suicide," I Thought People Like That Killed Themselves, ed. E. R. Rofes (San Francisco: Grey Fox P, 1983) 181-200.; S. G. Schneider, N. L. Farberow and G. N. Kruks, "Suicidal Behavior in Adolescent and Young Adult Gay Men," Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior 19.4 (1989): 381-394.

⁸ E. R. Rofes, "Lesbian and Gay Youth Suicide," I Thought People Like That Killed Themselves, ed. E. R. Rofes (San Francisco: Grey Fox P, 1983) 3648.

⁹ Kournay.

¹⁰ Remafedi, Farrow, and Deisher.

¹¹ G. Remafedi, Young and Gay: Six Teenagers Describe Their Lives (Minneapolis: U. of Minnesota, 1987).

¹² Schneider, Faberow & Kruks.

¹³ Stephen LeBlanc, Robert Weinerman, and Joyce Collier, ed. "8 in 10: A Special Report of the Victim Recovery Program of the Fenway Community Health Center," March, 1991.

¹⁴ New York State Governor's Task Force on Bias Related Violence.

¹⁵ A. Kirtzman, "Lessons in Hate," The Daily News 22 April 1992: 23.; J. Hunter, "Violence Against Lesbian and Gay Male Youths," Journal of Interpersonal Violence 5.3 (1990):295 300.

¹⁶ G. Remafedi, "Adolescent Homosexuality: Issues for Pediatricians," Clinical Pediatrics 24.9 (1985): 481-485.; J. Bucy and N. Obolensky.; G. Kruks, "Gay and Lesbian Homeless/Street Youth: Special Issues and Concerns," Journal of Adolescent Health 12.7 (1991): 515-518.; Mallon, (1992a, 1992d); Savin-William, (1988); Remafedi, (1987); Rotheram-Borus, Rosario & Koopman, (1991) have all documented the experience of the runaway, street, or homeless gay and lesbian youngster.

¹⁷ Buce & Oblensky, 1990.

¹⁸ Victim Services/Traveler's Aid, 1991.

¹⁹ KruLs, 1991.

²⁰ Athey, 1991; Holdway & Ray 1992; Zide & Cherry. 1992.

²¹ EMT Associates (1991), San Francisco Leshian, Gay and Bisexual Substance Abuse Needs Assessment, Executive Summary." EMT Associates, Inc., 3090 Fite Circle, Suite 201, Sacramnto, CA. pp 2-3.

²² Kus, Robert J., RN, PhD (1988). Alcoholism and Non-Acceptance of Gay Self, Journal of Chemical Dependency Treatment, Vol. 2, No. 1, Hawthorne Press, P. 25.

²³ Hunter, Joyce & Schaecher, Robert (1990). Lesbian and Gay Youth, in Planning to Live: Evaluating and Treating Suicidal Youths in Community Settings.Edited by Rotheram-Borus M, Bridle J. Obolensky N. Tulsa Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma Press, pp. 305

²⁴ Bell and Weinberg found that 36% of black lesbians compared to 21% of white lesbians and 32% of black gay males compared to 27% of white gay males attempted suicide before 18. (Bell, A. and Weinberg, M. (1978) Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Wome . New York: Simon and Schuster.

²⁵ Rotherham-Borus, Mary J., PhD, Hunter, Joyce, MSW, and Rosario, Margaret, PhD (1992). Suicidal Behavior and Gay-Related Stress among Gay and Bisexual Male Adolescents . Division of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York.

²⁶ Schneider 1988: 13.

²⁷ COFCCA, 1993; Dugger, 1992a, 1992b, 1992c, 1992d, 1992e; Festinger, 1983; HRA, 1992; Kudushin & Martin, 1988; & Sheehan, 1993a, 1993b.

²⁸ CWLA. 1991.

²⁹ Remafedi, 1987.

³⁰ Gibson.

³¹ CWLA, P. 5.

³² Hetrick and Martin, 1987.

³³ Hunter and Schaechter.

³⁴ J. Jacobs. Adolescent Suicide, 1971.

³⁵ These statistics and findings were based on data collected by the Hetrick-Martin Institute for the Protection of Lesbian and Gay Youth in New York.

³⁶ Mallon.

³⁷ Child Welfare, Vol. LXXI, No. 6, Nov-Dec. 1992, Mallon.

³⁸ Mallon.

³⁹ Steinhorn, 1979; Mallon, 1992a; Mallon, 1992d; Mallon, 1993a, 1993b.

⁴⁰ Steinhorn, 1989.

⁴¹ Dulaney & Kelly, (1982); Hidalgo, Peterson & Woodman, (1985); Mercier & Berger, (1989); Needham, (1977); Scheider & Tremble, (1986); Schneider (1988); Whitlock (1989).

⁴² Mallon.

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