Notes

[NI00001]
1578
A partir de 1578, le roi de France accorde des monopoles à des compagnies pour
la traite de la fourrure. Ces compagnies s'engagent en échange à peupler le
territoire.

Un marchand anglais dénombre 400 navires dans le Golfe du Saint-Laurent.
Parmi ceux-ci, on retrouve 150 embarcations françaises et 30 baleiniers basques.

1575-04-__ Décès de Catherine des Granges, épouse de Jacques Cartier


1576-12-31 7 navires partent de la France pour pêcher à Terre-Neuve


1577-__-__ Nesguez de la Roche devient gouverneur des Nouvelles-Terres

1577-12-31 17 navires partent de la France pour pêcher à Terre-Neuve



1578-01-03 Nomination du premier Vice-Roi


1581-__-__ Les marchands de St-Malo viennent chercher des fourrures


1584-__-__ 5 navires quittent St-Malo pour rapporter des fourrures


1593-03-25 Naissance de Jean de Bréboeuf, missionnaire

[NI00003]
1597-12-31 10 navires partent de la France pour pêcher à Terre-Neuve

1597
De la Roche s'installe à l'Ile-de-Sable avec une cinquantaine d'hommes, une
dizaine de soldats et une quarantaine de prisonniers. En 1603, les survivants
repartent pour l'Europe, vaincus par l'hiver.

1599
Pierre Chauvin s'installe à Tadoussac pour l'hiver avec 16 hommes. Seul 5
d'entre eux survécurent.


1603-03-15 Champlain effectue un voyage d'observation au Canada

1603
Samuel de Champlain, engagé par le lieutenant-général de Chaste de la
Nouvelle-France, prend possession de Terre-Neuve et de la Nouvelle-Écosse.
Entre 1603 et 1608, il explore le fleuve Saint-Laurent jusqu'à Montréal et
cartographie les lieux.


1604
Premières tentatives d'établissement en Acadie à l'île Sainte-Croix.

1605
Champlain fonde Port-Royal en Acadie (Nouvelle-Écosse). Cette expérience de
colonisation prend fin en 1607.

1608
3 juillet - Samuel de Champlain fonde la ville de Québec, premier établissement
français en Nouvelle-France. Il s'y établit avec 28 hommes. Au cours du premier
hiver, 20 des 28 hommes meurent.

Plusieurs motifs expliquent le choix du site de Québec: abondance de terres
fertiles, proximité des territoires à fourrures, meilleure défense grâce au Cap
Diamant, contrôle plus aisé du commerce des fourrures, rétrécissement du fleuve
Saint-Laurent, renforcement des amitiés avec les Amérindiens, possibilité plus
grande de découvrir une route vers l'Asie.

La fondation de Québec; une mission impossible.

1609
Conclusion par Champlain d’une alliance avec les Hurons contre les Iroquois.
Champlain et ses alliés remportent des victoires dans la région du Richelieu et du
lac Champlain.

1612
16 octobre - Champlain devient lieutenant du vice-roi en Nouvelle-France.

1613-05-29 Champlain arrive à l'embouchure de la rivière Outaouais

1613-06-04 Champlain parvient à la rivière Gatineau

1613-06-04 Champlain arrive au futur site d'Ottawa

1613-06-08 Champlain parvient à la rivière des Outaouais

1613-06-10 Champlain revient vers les rapides de Lachine


1615
2 juin - Arrivée des Récollets de Rouen. Les premiers missionnaires sont le père
Denis Jamet, Jean Dolbeau, Joseph Le Caron et le frère Pacifique Duplessis; ils
construisent une maison et une chapelle.

Champlain se rend pour la première fois en Huronie, où il mène la guerre aux
côtés des Hurons contre leurs ennemis iroquois.

Entre 1615 et 1625, Etienne Brûlé explore le territoire de la Huronie et se rend
jusqu'à Sault-Sainte-Marie.

1617
Arrivée de Louis Hébert, premier agriculteur de la colonie, et son épouse, Marie
Rollet, ainsi que leurs trois enfants. Il deviendra par la suite procureur du roi.

Louis Hébert, esclave et seigneur.

1618
Dans un mémoire adressé à Louis XIII, Champlain propose d'évangéliser les
Indigènes et d'établir des centres importants.

1619
Le duc de Montmorency devient vice-roi. Il confirme Champlain dans ses

fonctions.
1623
Ouverture des premières seigneuries. Entre 1623 et 1663, 53 seigneuries seront
ouvertes par les autorités.

1625
Arrivée des Jésuites. Les premiers Jésuites sont le père Charles Lalemant
[supérieur], le père Enemond Massé et le père Jean de Brébeuf; les frères
Gilbert Burel et François Charton les accompagnent.

1627
Mise sur pied par Armand de Richelieu de la Compagnie de la Nouvelle-France
ou des Cent-Associés, regroupement de cent marchands et aristocrates
déterminés à développer (coloniser) la Nouvelle-France. Cette compagnie privée
souhaite contribuer aux efforts de la colonisation; elle détient par ailleurs le
monopole de la traite des fourrures. Elle reçoit pour mandat de faire venir 300
colons par année, et ce jusqu'en 1643.

Profession: coureur des bois.

1629
16 juillet - Québec, victime de l'absence de ravitaillement, capitule à la suite de
l'attaque menée par les frères David, Louis et Thomas Kirke. Les Kirke n'auront
pas plus de chance: l'épidémie et la disette leur prennent 14 soldats lors de leur
premier «hivernement».


1632
Restitution de Québec à la France par le traité de Saint-Germain-en-Laye. La
Compagnie de la Nouvelle-France reprend ses activités d’exploitation des
pelleteries en Nouvelle-France. Débarquement à Québec d’un premier
contingent de 40 personnes qui viennent réclamer le poste à l’Angleterre.

Les Jésuites remplacent les Récollets. Leurs fameuses Relations constitueront
un instrument de taille pour promouvoir les intérêts de la colonie auprès des
Français bien nantis et cultivés.

1634
Juillet - Champlain envoie le sieur de La Violette établir un poste de traite à
l’embouchure de la rivière Saint-Maurice : fondation de Trois-Rivières, qui
s'inscrit dans un projet d'expansion du commerce de la fourrure.

Champlain confie à Jean Nicolet l'exploration des régions situées à l'ouest des
Grands Lacs.

1635
Les Jésuites fondent le collège de Québec. On y donne le cours classique
complet. Les Jésuites ouvrent une école primaire pour les jeunes garçons à la
Haute-Ville de Québec.

Le 25 décembre - Mort de Champlain (la Nouvelle-France ne compte alors que
150 habitants).

L'énigme Champlain.

1636
Arrivée du nouveau gouverneur Charles Huault de Montmagny qui est chargé
par la Compagnie des Cent-Associés de fonder une ville. Il trace les alignements
de la ville et entreprend de construire un nouveau fort. Il établit les limites de la
ville et de sa banlieue et ouvre les premières artères dont le grand chemin du cap
Rouge ou chemin Saint-Louis.

1639
Jean-Jacques Olier (futur fondateur des Sulpiciens), Paul Chomedey de
Maisonneuve, Jeanne Mance et Angélique de Bullion fondent la Société de
Notre-Dame de Montréal. La Compagnie des Cent-Associés concède l’île de
Montréal comme seigneurie à la Société.

1639
Août - Arrivée des Ursulines (Marie de l'Incarnation). Elles commencent à
enseigner la même année aux jeunes filles dans leur maison de la Basse-Ville de
Québec.

Marie Guyart de l'Incarnation.

1640
A compter des années 1640, les Hollandais vendent des armes aux Iroquois, qui
reprennent leurs raids et s'attaquent aux forts de Richelieu et de Montréal. Les
guerres entre Hurons et Iroquois ainsi que les épidémies qui font des ravages
chez les populations amérindiennes et par le fait même, désorganisent le
commerce de la fourrure.

1641
Première guerre franco-iroquoise: elle durera 25 ans.

Arrivée à Québec du premier contingent destiné à Ville-Marie. Il comprend 54
personnes, dont 4 femmes.

Massé-Joseph Gravel - Pionnier de la côte de Beaupré.

1642
Le 17 mai: Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve et Jeanne Mance fondent
Ville-Marie (Montréal). Cette fondation répond cette fois à un objectif religieux,
soit la conversion des Iroquois.

Automne: Fondation de l'Hôtel-Dieu par Jeanne Mance.

1643
Le 9 juin: Les Iroquois livrent une guerre d'embuscades contre le poste de
Montréal et causent la mort de cinq colons.

[NI00008]
New France, Louis XIV, 15 sols, 1670, reverse

The colonists living in New France from the mid-1660s on used barter to exchange goods but also used metal coins, such as this 15-sol French coin dated 1670. However, there was never enough hard currency to go around. Silver coins that were sent from France were quickly taken from circulation by local merchants, who immediately returned them to France to pay their taxes and to buy European-made commodities.

_________________________________________________________________________________

New France, Louis XIV, 15 Sols, 1670 obverse

The first coins issued for use in what was later to become Canada were minted over 300 years ago, or nearly 200 years before Confederation. In the early days of New France, the need for a local currency was partially met by the use of ordinary French coins. In 1670, Louis XIV was prevailed upon to issue a special coinage for use in the French colonies of North America. Silver coins in the denominations of 5 sols and 15 sols were struck, as well as a 2-deniers piece in copper. The 15-sol piece, illustrated, was slightly larger than a Canadian 25-cent piece and was worth a little more than an English shilling of that day. The Latin inscription refers to Louis XIV, whose bust appears on the obverse of the coin: "They shall speak of thy glory of thy kingdom.'' The letter 'A' at the bottom of the inscription is the mint mark of the Paris Mint. These coins are now very rare; this specimen is part of the National Currency Collection, Collection of the Bank of Canada.

______________________________________________________________

A "dit name" is an alias given to a family name. Compared to other alias or a.k.a. that are given to one specific person, the dit names will be given to many persons. It seems the usage exists almost only in France, New France and in Scotland where we find clans or septs.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Among some reasons of dit names, we find:

Surname used in the army.
Place of origin.
Land owned or inhabited by an ancestor.
The full name of the ancestor.
The first name of an ancestor.
Keeping the original name.
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C'est par ses racines qu'un arbre
naît, croît et vit. Connaître les
siennes, c'est se connaître un peu
soi-même.

C'est par nos ancêtres, par leur
labeur, leur vaillance et leur courage
que nous nous sommes forgé un
destin en cette terre d'Amérique.
Pour honorer celles et ceux qui sont
venus avant nous créer une partie de
ce pays,

"Je me souviens".

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1620-04-__ Naissance de Marguerite Bourgeois en France

1620-04-17 Baptême de Marguerite Bourgeois en France

1620-05-07 Champlain reçoît de nouveau l'appui du roi

1620-05-10 Champlain et Hélène s'embarquent pour la Nouvelle-France

1620-07-07 Champlain et Hélène arrivent à Tadoussac

1620-07-11 Champlain et Hélène arrivent à Québec

1620-07-15 Champlain dirige la construction du Fort St-Louis

1620-08-15 Champlain revient à Québec avec sa femme

1620-08-15 Les premiers ânes arrivent à Québec

1622-12-24 Le Fort de Québec devient la propriété du roi de France

1623-02-04 Louis Hébert reçoît la première concession de terres en Nouvelle-France

1626-03-10 Création de la seigneurie Notre-Dame-des-Anges

1626-07-05 Champlain revient à Québec

1626-07-07 Champlain fait construire une maison au Cap Tourmente

1627-01-01 La colonie compte 55 habitants

1627-01-01 Québec compte 18 habitants

1627-01-25 Décès de Louis Hébert, 52 ans, notre premier colon

1627-04-01 L'hiver a été rude: 2,4 mètres de neige

1628-02-01 La famine frappe les habitants de la Nouvelle-France

1638 Louis XIV ( Future Roi de France )

* Louis XIV devient Roi de France en 1643,age de 5 ans.( Roi Soleil de France ) *
_________________________________________________________________________________

The origins of the Order of Augustinian Sisters go back to the Middle Ages. By the early seventeeth century it was a well-organized religious community with hospitals all over France under its control. It was therefore natural for the Duchess of Aiguillon to call on their experience when she wanted
to found a hospital in Canada. The Duchess was a wealthy noblewoman, niece of the powerful statesman Cardinal Richelieu. She was moved to action by requests from the Jesuit Father Père Paul
Le Jeune, who wrote in his "Relations" (missionary reports) of the need for a hospital at Quebec
as well as a school for girls.


The Duchess decided on a hospital with the aim of using health care to evangelize the Amerindians.
She funded the project and on the sixteenth of August, 1637, she signed the contract of foundation with
the Augustinian Hospitallers of the Hôtel-Dieu of Dieppe, in Normandy. At that point the Augustines made a most essential contribution: human resources. Three nuns volunteered to make the perilous ocean crossing to America.

So it came about that on the first of August, 1639, the three nursing sisters from Dieppe — mother superior Marie Guenet de St-Ignace, and nuns Anne Le Cointre de St-Bernard and Marie Forestier de
St-Bonaventure — disembarked at Quebec and started work on establishing the first hospital in the Americas north of Mexico.
__________________________________________________________________________________

1639-05-04

Seaport of Dieppe

Detail of a painting representing the last minutes spent onshore by nuns before boarding the ship
for Québec. This 19th century painting is not a realistic representation of the seaport of Dieppe,
where this historic event took place in 1639.

Illustration: Anonymous. Le départ de madame de la Peltrie, de France, Dieppe, le 4 mai 1639.
National Archives of Canada.

The Harbour of Saint-Malo watched Jacques Cartier and the fishermen of the 16th century leaving, Honfleur hailed the departure of Samuel de Champlain, but in the 17th century, it is La Rochelle and Dieppe which see the future settlers embarking for New France. Most of them are soldiers, workmen or servants who have signed contracts with recruiters, shipowners or merchants, and have agreed to experience life in the new colony. They are the hired hands (engagés). ( Les 36 mois )

********************************************************************************************************
( Michel-Paul Huppe was NOT a 36 mois ( Contract ) "Les recherches historiques dises qu'il etait
present dans la paroisse Notre Dame de Quebec en 1641 ! )


"Juchereau, Commissioner-General of the Communaute des habitants. founded in 1644, returned to France the same autumn that saw the arrival of his workers. The following year, before 31 July 1648, Noel died in France. His successor was not sent to Canada before 1649, the same year that Julien contracted to work for the account of Michel Huppe dit Lagroix. As of October Julien and Michel parted company and Michel Huppe gave Julien a letter of credit which enabled him to buy 60 livres worth of stores. "

********************************************************************************************************

The development of Dieppe, which opens on to the Atlantic, transformed this old Norman village, whose port is one of the busiest in France, into a large town. At the beginning of the 17th century, Dieppe was the focal point of trade with New-France.

Four other French ports are currently associated with the history of Franco-Canadian exploration, emigration and trade: Saint-Malo, Honfleur, Rochefort and La Rochelle.

Hôpital Général de Québec

Only one year after receiving letters patent from Louis XIV to erect a general hospital in Québec,
Msgr de Saint-Vallier, the Bishop of Québec,built his hospital on 100 arpents of land owned by
the Récollets on the edge of the Saint-Charles river. On April 1 of this same year, 1693, the
nuns from the Hôtel-Dieu de Québec took possession of the hospital, making it their first
foundation since their arrival in 1639.

_______________________________________________________________________________

1646
Jean Levasseur - Huissier du Conseil Souverain.

1646 Les Jesuites amene Michel-Paul a Quebec.

1647
Le 27 mars: Création du Conseil de Québec, chargé de faire régner l'ordre et
d'administrer la justice en Nouvelle-France. Il était formé, à l'origine, des
gouverneurs de Québec et de Montréal et du supérieur des Jésuites. En 1663, ce
Conseil sera aboli et remplacé par le Conseil Souverain.

Le Jésuite Jean de Quen explore le lac Saint-Jean. A la même époque, son
confrère Gabriel Druillette parcourt les régions du Bas Saint-Laurent et de la
Gaspésie.

1647 Le Seigneur de la compagnie de Jesus,Pere Hierosme Callemant (Jesuites) de la Seigeurie Notre-Dame-des-Anges,Beauport Que accorde la premiere terre a Michel-Paul.(Premier colon)

1649
Un dénommé Abraham Martin. ( Des plaines d'Abraham )

1653
Le 22 septembre: Maisonneuve revient de France avec 100 soldats engagés pour
défendre Montréal contre les Iroquois. À bord du navire se trouve Marguerite
Bourgeoys, venue pour ouvrir une école. Elle écrit qu'à Québec tout est si pauvre
que cela fait pitié. À son arrivée à Montréal, elle ne trouve pas d'enfants d'âge
scolaire à cause de la forte mortalité infantile.

1653-1654 Les coureurs des bois Radisson et Des Groseilliers découvrent le fleuve
Mississippi.Ils explorent la tête de l'Ohio, et en 1658-1659, la
région du Lac Supérieur.

1660 Louis XIV Roi de France Mari Marie-Therese d'Autriche,age de 22 ans

1663-1673 Arrivée des Filles du Roy: Environ 775 femmes acceptent l'offre
du roi et de son ministre Colbert d'émigrer en Nouvelle-France. La majorité de
ces Filles du Roy s'établit à Québec avant leur mariage, une bonne moitié s'y
marient puis, après une première naissance, elles vont s’installer ailleurs dans la
colonie.

800 filles à marier.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECOND (LOTBINIÈRE)

DU [SAMEDI] 30e ET DERNIER AVRIL 1678 DE RELEVÉE
EN NOTRE HÔTEL

Vu le procès entre Michel Huppé [dit] LaGroye demandeur et Michel Lecours défendeur et incidemment demandeur.

[Vu] notre sentence contradictoire entre les parties du premier février dernier tendant à ce que ledit Lecours fut condamné payer audit LaGroye une jeune vache âgée de 3 ans qu'il lui aurait prise dans le troupeau et sur les terres de [Louis Rouer], sieur de Villeray, conseiller, qui y aurait été amenée avec celles que conduisaient les gens de monsieur l'évêque de Québec [et] les animaux du Cap Tourmente; que ledit Lecours l'aurait prise et tuée à la boucherie, ainsi qu'il offrait [de] le justisfier. Ce qui aurait été nié par ledit Lecours, y en demandant la preuve. Nous aurions ordonné avant [que de] faire droit que les parties feront venir les témoins dont elles se prétendaient [se] servir dans la huitaine; autre sentence du 8 dudit mois par laquelle nous aurions donné huitaine de délai au demandeur pour faire approcher ses témoins. Signification, [à la] requête du défendeur, de ladite sentence à [Jean-Baptiste] Gosset, [sieur DuBuisson], en qualité de procureur du demandeur par exploit de Hubert, huissier du 10 dudit mois à ce que ledit demandeur eût à satisfaire au contenu d'icelle; autre sentence dudit jour par laquelle nous aurions fait prêter serment, devant les parties, à Nicolas Audet [dit Lapointe], Antoine Leblanc [dit Jolicoeur] et à René Minet, les témoins produits par le défendeur; et [nous aurions] sommé le demandeur de fournir de reproches à l'encontre d'eux, lequel aurait declaré n'en point avoir; ensuite de quoi ils auraient [été] entendus sommairement à l'audience; autre sentence du 15 dudit mois à l'audience par laquelle nous aurions entendu [les] témoins produits par ledit demandeur et ordonné la communication d'icelle au procureur du roi; son réquisitoire du 25 dudit mois; requête à nous présentée par ledit Lecours pour administrer [les] témoins de nous répondre le 19 pour communication au procureur du roi; son réquisitoire au bas dudit jour, et notre ordonnance ensuite dudit jour [à l'effet] que les témoins viendraient le samedi suivant pour être entendus; assignation par Roger, huissier, auxdits témoins, à la requête du défendeur du 26, pour être ouï et déposé et audit Huppé demandeur pour se voir prêter serment et fournir les causes d'accusation;
requête à la diligence dudit défendeur des dernier dudit mois et

TROISIÈME (LOTBINIÈRE)

premier mars suivant, et permission audit Huppé demandeur de faire venir un témoin du jour dernier février et assignation audit Lecours pour lui voir prêter serment et fournir de reproches, par exploit de Roger, huissier, du premier; notre ordonnance pour communication au procureur du roi dudit jour premier mars; requête à nous présentée par ledir LeCours pour addition d'enquête; notre ordonnance au bas pour communication au procureur du roi du 8 mars; son réquisitoire dudit jour et notre ordonnance ensuite du même soir portant permission de faire approcher [les] témoins; assignation à ceux-ci donnée pour être entendus, et audit Huppé pour les voir prêter serment et fournir les reproches, par exploits dudit Roger du 9; autre requête fournie par ledit LeCours et de nous parapher "ne varietur"; addition d'enquête faite par nous le 10 du mois à la requête dudit LeCours; notre ordonnance ensuite pour communication au procureur du roi dudit jour; son réquisitoire du 13 à ce que les témoins soient récolés4 en leurs dépositions et confrontés à Antoine Huppé [dit Lagroix] fils du demandeur; notre sentence que les témoins seraient récolés en leurs dépositions et confrontés audit Huppé; et à la sentence en date du 14; exploits d'assignation a la requête dudit LeCours, par exploit de Roger huissier, auxdits témoins des 16 et 17 dudit mois pour être récolés et confrontés ainsi que ledit Antoine Huppé fils; récolement dudit jour 17 et confrontation d'un témoin du 18 dudit mois de mars, ensuite de laquelle ledit Antoine Huppé nous aurait requis ne vouloir passer outre offrant de satisfaire aux frais à quoi, inclinant, nous aurait renvoyé le surplus desdits témoins ledit Antoine Huppé à sa caution juratoire5 et ordonné que le tout serait communiqué au procureur du roi; transaction et accord entre les parties par devant [Gilles] Rageot, notaire royal en cette juridiction, le 22 du mois de mars; conclusion définitive du procureur du roi du 4 du présent mois; déclaration des dépens, et taxes par nous faite des frais du procès aujourd'hui modérés et liquidés de 75 livres 12 sols; notre vacation pour la présente comprise et taxée à 6 livres et les 2/3 au greffier.
Tout considéré nous avons condamné ledit Michel Huppé [dit] LaGroye en tous les dépens dudit procès par nous

QUATRIÈME (LOTBINIÈRE)
liquidés à la somme de [laissé en blanc] Et attendu la mauvaise foi dudit Antoine Huppé son fils, nous l'avons condamné en 10 livres d'amende, et à rendre audit Michel Huppé son père une vache, bonne aux dires d'experts, âgée de 3 ans; lequel Michel Huppé aura son recours pour les frais qu'il est obligé de payer, à l'encontre dudit Antoine Huppé son fils ainsi qu'il avisera.
R L Chartier de Lotbinière

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1685 Vendu sa terre a ses deux garcons Antoine et Jacques.

1691-3 Mars Michel-Paul decede.age de 75 ans.

1715-Sept Louis XIV decede.age de 77 ans.

[NI00016]
New France, playing card money, 1714

In the late 17th century, the shortage of coinage grew so severe that New France's colonial authorities resorted to issuing a completely new kind of money: playing cards. In 1685, the government had no money to pay the wages of soldiers stationed at Québec. Intendant De Meulles had the ingenious idea of taking ordinary playing cards and writing an amount on the back. The cards were given to the soldiers, who accepted them as legal tender and began to use them in their transactions. The following
year, 1686, the cards were exchanged for coins of the realm sent by boat from France. The experiment was such a success that, despite the misgivings of the King of France, who felt the colony ran the risk of incurring substantially higher costs, playing card money continued to be issued on a more or less regular basis. The item you see on the screen is a reproduction of the 1714 issue. No examples of playing card money are known to have survived.

_________________________________________________________________________________


1660-__-__ 6 Iroquois sont capturés et torturés à Québec

1660-01-01 A Montréal, on compte 372 habitants

1660-01-01 Au Québec, on compte 3 215 habitants

1660-01-25 Mgr de Laval commence sa 1ère visite pastorale

1660-02-01 Début du grand recencement de la Nouvelle-France

1660-04-19 Dollard quitte Montréal pour Long-Sault

1660-05-01 Dollard arrive au fort de Long-Sault

1660-05-10 Dollard vit sa 1ère attaque par les Iroquois

1660-06-__ Décès, à Long-Sault, de Dollard des Ormeaux

1660-06-30 1 200 soldats débarquent à Québec

1660-12-31 Au Québec, on compte 2 000 colons

1661-__-__ Construction d'une nouvelle église à Ste-Anne-de-Beaupré

1662-07-15 Pierre Boucher quitte La Rochelle avec 100 soldats

1663-02-05 Tremblement de terre au Québec qui dure 6 mois

1663-02-14 La Nouvelle-France devient une province de France

1663-03-__ La Nouvelle-France devient une colonie royale

1663-03-01 Champlain est nommé représentant de Richelieu

1663-03-26 Ouverture du grand séminaire de Québec

1665-__-__ Début de l'arrivée des premières FILLES DU ROI

1665-01-01 1er recencement: 3 215 habitants en Nouvelle-France

1673-12-31 La Nouvelle-France compte 6 700 habitants

1674-10-01 Mgr François de Montmorency de Laval est nommé évêque de Québec

__________________________________________________

Vieux-Charlesbourg (Old Charlesbourg) was laid out by the Jesuits in 1626 during the time
when the lands of New France were first being granted by King Louis XIV. In 1666, when
they decided to establish a village at the seigneury of Notre-Dame-des-Anges
(Vieux Charlesbourg), the Jesuits had to respect the decree passed by the King in 1663
requiring populations to be grouped in market towns. In order to meet with these demands,
they created a radial plan for apportioning the land.This plan was composed of a square called Trait-carré whose perimeter defined the limit of the trapezoidal-shaped plots thus forming
parcels of land in the shape of a star. The Jesuits built the church in the middle of the square,
the institutional heart of the village.

Three places of worship have occupied this site. The first, a wooden church, was built in 1666
and was replaced in 1694 by one of stone not long after the parish had been officially constituted.
__________________________________________________________________

[NI00017] Descendants of George D'Eyme Dit DAIGLE

Notes

Marie-Anne had three children from this second marriage: Marie-Jeanne, Pierre and Marguerite. The last became the wife of Joseph Morin dit Sanschagrin. On 20 December 1708, the land cleared by Jean Daigle dit Lallamand was sold to ( Jacques Huppe dit Lagrois for 120 livres. )
The family Villeday moved to Quebec on the Rue Sault-au-Matelot. The second husband disappeared in his turn around 1712 and on the 17th of August, 1716, the widow took a third husband, this time a Frenchman named Nicolas Corniere, a bachelor from Poitou.
Marie-Anne lived until 1742, Then, on 17 December she died and was buried at Quebec. She was 72 years old.
Son Andre was the only one to leave offspring in Quebec. On 9 November 1711 he married Therese Proulx at Neuville. She was the daughter of Jean and Catherine Pinel. They had eight children whose descendants are today most numerous, especially in the eastern cantons.
There is another Daigle family but they are Acadians.

________________________________________________________

[NI00021] Louis Bedard b. 25 Jan 1655, LaRochelle, Temple Calvinist, m. 15 Dec 1678,
in Charlesbourg, Beauport, M-Madeleine Huppe, b. 15 Jan 1665, d. aft 1704, Canada.
Louis died 11 Oct 1701, Hotel Dieu, Quebec, Canada. Protestant - denounced his
Calvist faith and became a Catholic so he could come to New France.

[NI00028] Antoine demeurait a 170 rue Saint Flavien
Quebec.1744

[NI00030]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Le prenom de " Michel " lui fut donne en l'honneur de son
grand-pere qui,partit un jour de France afin de se trouver
un nouveau pays,de le faire et de s'enraciner avec tout
ceux qui le suivront.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[NI00040] Joseph vint demeurer a Montreal a la fin de 1731
et s'occupe activement de la fabrication des chapeaux
dans des faubourgs de la ville.
___________________________________________________

St Louis de Terrebonne de Deux Montagnes,Que

Ville de Deux-Montagnes History

THE FIRST SETTLERS



The Waterways

The Laurentian Lowlands were first settled in the late 1600s and early 1700s. However,
several European explorers used the natural transportation routes provided by the
Mille-Isles river, Lac des Deux-Montagnes and the Ottawa River on their way
west to the Great Lakes and north to Hudson's Bay. Champlain, the first explorer,
would have passed by the mouth of the Mille-Iles river and Lac des Deux-Montagnes
on his way to discover the Ottawa River. Then, in 1634, according to the Relation des Jésuites,
Jean Nicolet, an interpreter and inveterate traveller, left Trois-Rivières, took the St. Lawrence River
and then the Mille-Iles, made it past the rapids (at Grand-Moulin) and came out on Lac des Deux-Montagnes on his search for the famous passage to China. Disguised as a mandarin and clothed in a great robe of silk to impress the Chinese, Nicolet would end up in Wisconsin, where, rather than impressing anyone, he terrified the Indian people, who had never before seen a white man.

Later, the famous fur traders would send their furs to Montreal and then on to Europe via this route. Trappers would travel as far as the Northwest Territories seeking valuable furs.

The Seigniorial System

Under the French regime in the 17th century, colonists were subject to the seigniorial system,
which was a form of land division,distribution and occupation. Large tracts of land along
the St. Lawrence River were granted to a seigneur, often a former soldier in the French regiment.
The seigneur would claim a good part of the land, build a house and allocate the rest of the land to
colonists who wanted to settle in the region. The seigneur was required to pledge his faith
and allegiance to the king, and had to produce a census of the seigneury, build a mill and, most importantly, assign lots to new arrivals in New France. Should a seigneur not meet his
commitments, the seigneury could be withdrawn from his control.

In exchange, the seigneur had certain rights, the main one being the right to collect annual
rents from the habitants. The seigneur also charged a tax when land granted to a habitant
was sold, and collected the fourteenth minot (about 39 litres) of the grain the habitant ground
at the mill. The seigneur also had first right of refusal when land on the seigneury was being sold.

In addition to being nominal subjects of the seigneur, habitants had specific obligations.
The first was to build a house and live on their land. They also had to help clear the seigneur's
land and help build and maintain the seigneury's roads.

Fortunately, these duties and obligations were compensated by a few, but extremely important advantages, at a time when the people who left France under often difficult conditions arrived
in the New World filled with hope, but with little money. The seigniorial system offered free land for cultivation and entry into an already-established economic and social milieu where the
habitants could find three elements essential to survival roads, a mill and a church.

It was under such conditions that the Mille-Iles seigneury, the territory in which Deux-Montagnes is located, was granted in 1683 to Michel Sidrac Dugué, Sieur de Boisbriand. However, Dugué was a professional soldier and was much more interested in waging war on the Iroquois and hunting beaver than in encouraging people to settle on his land.

[NI00044] Recensement du 15 septembre 1744.
Quebec

Jean-Baptiste demeurait a 112 rue de la Fabrique

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[NI00050]
Latin America,Philip V,1732 silver cob

The shortage of coins persisted throughout the history of New France. As a substitute, the inhabitants of New France sometimes used the Spanish-American silver coins minted by the Spanish in Mexico and South America. Although they were banned by the French government to discourage trade with the enemy, this coin circulated widely in New France.
_____________________________________________________________________________

France, 30 deniers, "mousquetaire," 1711

By 1720, the King of France decided to ban the practice of issuing playing card money. The colony's inhabitants were forced to make do with coinage supplied from France, such as the 30-deniers coin known as a "mousquetaire" because its cross resembled that adorning the capes of the famous musketeers. The gold coins, which were intended primarily to pay the troops and other civil servants, did not remain in the colony for long.
_____________________________________________________________________________

Gold Louis, 1721

La Compagnie des Indes Occidentales, which held a monopoly over the fur trade in New France, also issued coins for use in the colony. But as the coins were not legal tender in France, local merchants refused to accept them. Consequently, the shortage of coinage remained a major problem in the early part of the 18th century.

____________________________________________________________________________

"Colonies françoises," La Compagnie des Indes Occidentales, 1722

________________________________________________________________

France: Nine-Deniers, Copper, 1722 H

The copper coin illustrated is one of a colonial issue that the Company of the Indies, a private French trading company, imported into New France under the authorization of Louis XV. The colonists, however, were reluctant to use the new coinage because of their previous experience with depreciation of copper coins. In view of the difficulties in getting thc issue accepted, the Company asked the government of New France to assume responsibility for its circulation. Negotiations dragged on, and the bulk of the coins remained in company storage. When, in 1724, all French copper coins were reduced in value by a third of their intrinsic worth, the colonists rejected them totally. Two years later, the unissued copper pieces that remained at Quebec were returned to France. This issue was not struck exclusively for Canada but was sent to the other colonies in the New World as well. In Louisiana, thc authorities were unable to keep the issue in circulation despite threats of imprisonment for anyone refusing the coins. The letter H on the coin below the date indicates that this piece was struck at the mint in La Rochelle, France. The coin, slightly larger than a twenty-five cent piece, is part of the National Currency Collection, Bank of Canada.

___________________________________________________________________________

France: Louis XV, Copper Sol, 1719

Copper coins were not widely used in New France for a large part of its 150-year history. The reason for this apparent anomaly was a distrust of copper coinage that developed early in the commercial life of the colony. From about 1650, as trade was expanding and passing from the hands of the trading companies to individual merchants, the shortage of coins became acute and French coins circulated at a premium. Copper coins in particular commanded a large premium and merchants in the city of Quebec engaged in the profitable activity of importing copper coins from France. Since the merchants paid for these with silver and gold coins, the metallic currency of the colony was temporarily disorganized: for several years virtually thc only coins in circulation were copper. In 1664, however, the colonial government took steps to discourage the import of copper, and copper coins gradually disappeared from circulation. The most common coin of small denomination used in New France was the sol. In the 17th century the sol was a base silver coin about the size of our five-cent piece but in 1719, as a consequence of the great
inflation in France, the sol was struck in copper, about the size of our fifty cent piece. When in l720 New France needed coins of small denomination, a large quantity of copper sols was shipped from France. The passage of fifty-six years combined with the familiarity of the sol made these coins readily accepted by the colony. The obverse features a bust of Louis XV as a boy; he had become king only a few years earlier. The coin is part of the Bank of Canada's National Currency Collection.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

John Law, 1 Livre, 1720

John Law was a Scottish banker who emigrated to France and became financial adviser to Louis XV. He eventually gave King Louis ample reason to wish that the Scot had never left his native land. Law recommended the establishment of La Banque Royale which became commonly known as La Banque de Law. This bank received all of the King's revenues against which it issued notes in ever-increasing quantities. John Law also engineered the setting up of the Company of the West (later the Company of the Indies) which controlled the foreign trade of France, including Louisiana and New France. In 1719 John Law was given the sole right to coin the national currency. The value of the shares of the Company of the Indies rose rapidly from 500 livres per share to 20,000 livres. Complete collapse of his schemes came in 1720 with the bursting of the "Mississippi Bubble.'' Law left France in disgrace in 1720. The "John Law" coins were issued in copper, silver and gold and circulated to some extent in New France. The piece illustrated, from the National Currency Collection of the Bank of Canada, is a silver livre
of about the same size and value as an English shilling.

______________________________________________________________________
1681-01-01 L'Ile d'Orléans compte 1 080 habitants

1681-01-01 La Nouvelle-France compte 5 375 hommes

1681-01-01 La Nouvelle-France compte 4 302 femmes

1681-06-30 24 827 arpents de terre cultivés en Nouvelle-France

1682-10-10 Assemblée à Québec pour discuter du problème Iroquois

1682-12-31 95 489 livres de peaux de castors ont été vendues en 1682

1683-__-__ On manque de billets de banque en Nouvelle-France

1683-01-01 L'Ile d'Orléans compte 1 149 habitants

1684-05-08 200 Iroquois attaquent des marchands de fourrures

1685-__-__ Naissance de La Vérendrye à Trois-Rivières

1685-01-01 On compte 5 897 hommes en Nouvelle-France

1685-01-01 On compte 4 828 femmes en Nouvelle-France

1688-11-06 Début de la première tuilerie au Québec

1690-01-01 On compte environ 700 coureurs des bois

1690-07-12 Frontenac se rend à Montréal

1690-10-16 Les navires anglais arrivent devant Québec

1691-12-31 Plus de 100 habitants ont été tués par les Iroquois en 1691

1694-11-21 Ouverture de l'hôpital Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal

1695-01-01 On compte 12 786 habitants en Nouvelle-France

08-28 Les Anglais reprennent le Fort York

1698-11-25 Décès de Frontenac au Château St-Louis à Québec

1710-__-__ Décès de Pierre Radisson à Québec





































1692
Des attaques répétées des Iroquois contre les Français provoquent plusieurs
massacres. Marie-Madeleine Jarret de Verchères, âgée de quinze ans, défendra
le fort du seigneur, son père avec les censitaires de sa famille jusqu'à l'arrivée de
renforts de Montréal.
1697
Le traité de Ryswick met fin à la guerre en Europe et en Amérique. La France
conserve la Baie d'Hudson, retrouve Terre-Neuve et ne garde qu'une partie de
l'Acadie.

La trop chaude Marguerite.
1701
Signature de la paix de Montréal avec les Cinq Nations iroquoises.
1702
Début de la guerre de Succession d’Espagne en Europe. Deuxième guerre
intercoloniale en Amérique.
1703
Philippe Rigaud de Vaudreuil devient gouverneur-général; il occupera cette
fonction jusqu'en 1725.

Le Conseil Souverain devient le Conseil Supérieur.

Les Canadiens reprennent Terre-Neuve et rasent la ville de Saint-Jean.
1710
Michel Bégon de la Picardière est nommé intendant de la Nouvelle-France; il le
restera jusqu'en 1726. Il encourage l'introduction de nouvelles cultures (tabac,
ginseng) et poursuit l'oeuvre de Jean Talon.

Michel Sarrazin - médecin du Roy.

Les Anglais prennent Port-Royal; l'Acadie tombe sous la domination anglaise.
1711
Août - Les sept navires de la flotte de l'amiral Hovenden Walker, venus attaquer
Québec, subissent un naufrage sur la côte nord du golfe Saint-Laurent.
1713
Le traité d’Utrecht met fin à la guerre de Succession d'Espagne. La France perd
la Baie d'Hudson, l'Acadie et Terre-Neuve.
1716
La population de la Nouvelle-France procède à des travaux de fortification de
Montréal et Québec.
1717
Construction de la forteresse de Louisbourg sur l'île Royale, à la fois un carrefour
commercial important, un lieu de peuplement considérable, et l'un des ports les
plus actifs d'Amérique du Nord.
1729
Gilles Hocquart devient intendant de la Nouvelle-France; il demeurera en poste
jusqu'en 1748. Il encourage l'exportation des surplus de blé, de planches et de
poissons. Il supervise l'ouverture des Forges de Trois-Rivières.
1735
Inauguration sur la rive nord, entre Québec et Montréal, du Chemin du Roy qui
comprend 13 ponts. Cette inauguration survient au terme de travaux effectués en
4 ans. Désormais, il est possible de se rendre d'une ville à l'autre à cheval en 4
jours.
1737
Ouverture du Chemin du Roy de Montréal à Québec.
1743
Pierre de la Vérandrye et ses fils atteignent les montagnes Rocheuses.
1744
Troisième guerre intercoloniale déclenchée à la suite de la guerre de la
Succession d'Autriche en Europe. Le traité d'Aix-la-Chapelle met fin à la guerre
en 1748.
1745
Prise de la forteresse de Louisbourg par les Anglais. Elle sera toutefois rendue à
la France à la fin de la guerre.
1748
4,000 esclaves.
1749
Fondation d'Halifax par les Anglais et certains colons américains.

[NI00070]
New France, Franco-American Jeton, 1740

In the days before adding machines and other automatic calculators, Europeans used jetons or counters for carrying out simple arithmetical calculations. For example, if livres, sols and deniers were being added in France or pounds, shillings and pence in England, a box with three compartments would be used, one for each denomination. Jetons would be dropped into the respective compartments as the amounts to be added were given. When there were twelve jetons in the denier (penny) compartment, they were removed and a jeton placed in the sol (shilling) compartment, and when there were 20 sols (shillings) they were removed and a jeton placed in the livre (pound) compartment. Jetons were coin-like in appearance although they did not have any denomination. They were usually struck in brass or copper but occasionally silver and even gold was used. Many were beautifully designed pieces struck to honour distinguished individuals or to commemorate important events. During the reign of Louis XV the French mint issued a series of copper and silver jetons to commemorate the colonization of Canada and
Louisiana and to recognize the importance of the increasing trade with the New World. All of these jetons bore a bust of Louis XV on the obverse and a design relating to the New World on the reverse. The jeton illustrated is dated 1754 and shows two beavers at work building a dam. The inscription "NON INFERIORA METALLIS" points out that beaver skins were no less valuable than precious metals. This is believed to be the earliest use of a beaver on a numismatic item relating to Canada. This jeton is in the National Currency Collection, Bank of Canada.

________________________________________________________________________

French Billon Sou Marque, 1741

During the French regime in Canada the need for higher denominations of currency was filled by paper money. The lowest denomination of this paper money, however, was 7 sols 6 deniers. There remained, therefore, a need for low-denomination coins for making change and for small transactions. The most widely used coins were those made of billon (low-grade silver), of which the most important was the sou marque of the type illustrated. These coins, struck between 1738 and 1764, circulated in France and her colonies and, prior to 1760, large shipments of them were sent to New France (Canada). The enomination
was 2 sols (24 deniers). The sous marques were not very popular, due to their low silver content. Once in circulation they tended to turn black and for that reason gained the nickname "black dogs" in the French colonies of the West Indies. However they continued to circulate in Canada for some time after the British conquest, because of the continuing shortage of small change. This coin is part of the Bank of Canada's National Currency Collection.

______________________________________________________________________

Card money, 1729

In response to the currency shortage, the King of France authorized a new issue of card money in 1729. Card money was issued until the fall of New France in 1760. Unlike that issued from 1685 to 1714, this card money was printed on ordinary white cardboard, and the size varied by denomination.

_______________________________________________________________

Ordonnances, 24 livres, 1756

From 1720 until the beginning of the British colonial period in 1760, other forms of paper money also circulated in New France. Treasury bills (ordonnances) and Letters of Exchange, for example, became so popular that they soon exceeded the quantity of card money in circulation. With the defeat of France in 1760, this mass of paper money was redeemed at only a fraction of its face value. Most people in Lower Canada lost confidence in paper money and began to hoard coinage in the proverbial sock.

__________________________________________________________________

New France: 'Card Money' 3 Livres, 1749


In 1685, the French colonial authorities issued the first paper currency in North America. Faced with a shortage of coins with which to pay his troops, De Meulles, the Intendant of New France, introduced as a temporary expedient an issue of paper currency. The notes were made from playing cards and the local merchants were directed to accept this 'playing card money' with the understanding that it could be redeemed for bills of exchange in France before the supply ships returned to France in the autumn. In subsequent years further issues were made but the practice was abandoned in 1717 due to a failure of the government to always redeem the notes in full. However in 1729 a severe shortage of coins forced the resumption of the issue of paper currency. The new issue was on plain white cardboard instead of playing cards and was followed by further issues, with the last in 1757. The 'card money' was issued in various denominations, with each denomination having its own distinctive shape. The notes were impressed with two official seals and, like the 'playing card money', were handwritten. The piece shown
was signed at the top by the Clerk of the Treasury Board, in the centre by La Jonquiere (Governor 1749-52) and at the bottom by Bigot (Intendant 1747-60). The two oval seals at the top right are those of France and Navarre. The 'card money' also eventually fell into disrepute because of over-issue and difficulties with redemption. The piece illustrated is part of the National Currency Collection, Bank of Canada.

_______________________________________________________________________________

New France: 48 Livres, 1753

The French authorities in New France have the distinction of being the first government in North America to issue paper money. Known as card money and first issued in 1685, the notes were an emergency measure that enabled the Intendant to pay his troops before the annual pay ship arrived from France. The notes were handwritten on the backs of whole playing cards or segments, or on pieces of plain cardboard. The increasing need to make expenditures at points outside the financial centres of
Quebec and Montreal, together with the high risk of theft involved in overland shipments of currency, necessitated the development of another form of exchange. Treasury orders were therefore introduced as provisional payment, to be redeemed in card money at Montreal or Quebec. These orders circulated by endorsement, thus providing a local currency. By the early 1750s the French government began supplying printed forms for treasury orders, such as that shown, enabling greater numbers
to be issued. Under the last Intendant of New France, François Bigot, the issuing of government paper money was greatly abused for the personal profit of Bigot and some of his associates. Most of these men were later tried in France and Bigot himself was heavily fined and banished. As a consequence, a large quantity of card money and treasury orders was outstanding when New France fell to the British and only a small amount was ultimately redeemed. This instilled a distrust of paper money
among the people of French Canada that lasted for many years. The treasury order illustrated is part of the Bank of Canada's National Currency Collection.

_____________________________________________________________________

1754
Début de la guerre de conquête en Amérique. En 1756, le conflit s'amorce en
Europe.

1755
Pierre Rigaud de Vaudreuil devient gouverneur de la Nouvelle-France.

Juillet: le Conseil exécutif de la Nouvelle-Écosse décide unanimement de
déporter les Acadiens au cours de l'été et de l'automne parce ce qu'ils refusent
de signer le serment d'allégeance au souverain d'Angleterre, ils ne s'assimilent
pas assez rapidement. Ces acadiens occupent des terres fertiles sur lesquelles les
autorités souhaitent mettre la main. Environ 7 000 Acadiens sont déportés à
l'automne le long des côtes américaines. Plusieurs s'enfuient en Gaspésie ou sur
l'île de Saint-Jean.

Jusqu'en 1762, 3 000 à 4 000 autres Acadiens seront déportés.

1756
Louis-Joseph de Montcalm devient le subalterne de Vaudreuil. Début de rivalités
entre les deux hommes. Montcalm n'aime guère rendre des comptes à Vaudreuil;
il ne cherche pas à protéger les frontières avec rigueur et il ne tient pas à sauver
la Nouvelle-France à tout prix, ce qu'accepte difficilement Vaudreuil, natif de la
Colonie.

Portrait d'un aristo perdu en Canada - Montcalm.

Début de la guerre de sept ans entre la Nouvelle-France et la
Nouvelle-Angleterre.

La bande à Bigot.

1757
Le roi autorise Montcalm à mener son armée comme bon lui semble, sans
l'accord du gouverneur Vaudreuil.

1758
Victoire de Montcalm à Carillon contre James Abercromby.

26 juillet - Capitulation de la forteresse de Louisbourg face aux Anglais dirigés
par Jeffrey Amherst.

1759
En juin, les Anglais atteignent Québec et en effectuent le siège.

Dans la nuit du 12 au 13 septembre, le général James Wolfe réussit à faire
monter ses troupes par un sentier jusqu'au sommet des falaises et à prendre pied
sur les Plaines d'Abraham. Environ 4 000 y prennent place en rang de bataille.
Montcalm est contraint de combattre. La bataille dure à peine quinze minutes, au
terme desquelles l'armée française est défaite. Wolfe meurt sur le champ de
bataille, Montcalm succombe à ses blessures le lendemain. Le siège de Québec
se poursuit.

17 septembre: Claude-Nicolas Roch de Ramezay, lieutenant du roi à Québec,
remet la ville au général George Townshend, successeur de Wolfe.

1760
Les troupes françaises et les miliciens canadiens poursuivent la lutte. Au
printemps, François-Gaston de Lévis remporte une victoire à Sainte-Foy.
Toutefois, faute de renforts venus de France, la résistance s'avère inutile.

Le 8 septembre, Montréal capitule. Encerclés par une armée qui les surpasse en
nombre, le gouverneur Vaudreuil et ses troupes rendent les armes.

Le Traité de Paris et la proclamation royale

1760
La proclamation du 22 septembre 1760 dresse les grandes lignes du régime
militaire imposé à la Nouvelle France en attendant la fin de la guerre en Europe.
Jeffrey Amherst reçoit alors pour mission de maintenir l'ordre et de rassurer la
population.

Il fait venir des vivres de la Nouvelle-Angleterre.
Il encourage la population à cultiver.
Il fait règlementer le commerce.
Il oblige les soldats anglais à payer un argent comptant.

Murray établit aussi un conseil militaire pour assister le gouvernement: ce conseil
sert de cour d'appel dans les affaires judiciaires. Des cours de justice locales sont
organisées et administrées par les capitaines de milice.

La situation après la conquête.

1763
10 février - Proclamation du Traité de Paris qui met fin à la guerre de Sept Ans
en Europe. Par ce traité, la France perd la Floride et toutes les terres situées à
l'est du fleuve Mississipi; ces terres passent sous contrôle anglais. La France
conserve cependant les îles Sainte-Pierre-et-Miquelon, le droit de pêche dans le
Golfe et le droit de séchage sur les côtes de Terre-Neuve.

Le traité de Paris garantit la propriété des habitants de la Nouvelle-France. Ceux
qui veulent quitter la colonie ont 18 mois pour le faire.

Mai - Sous la direction du chef algonquin Pontiac, des Amérindiens, craignant
l'annexion par les Britanniques de leur territoire, s'emparent des forts
Michillimakinak jusqu'à Pittsburg. Ils menacent le fort Détroit. Ils sont finalement
arrêtés par le général anglais Galdwin puis défaits à Bushy-Run par le général
Bouquet.

Octobre - L'Angleterre fait connaître ses intentions au sujet de sa nouvelle
colonie en Amérique par la publication de la Proclamation Royale.

Désormais, le territoire de la Nouvelle-France sera limité à un rectangle
situé dans la vallée du Saint-Laurent et appelé «Province of Quebec». Ce
territoire s'étend de la rivière Saint-Jean jusqu'aux Grands Lacs et à la
péninsule gaspésienne.
Un gouverneur est nommé par l'Angleterre pour administrer la colonie. Il
sera assisté dans ses fonctions par un conseil à la fois exécutif et législatif
qui exclut les Canadiens.
L'Angleterre promet d'autoriser l'élection d'une chambre d'assemblée
lorsqu'elle le jugera bon.
Elle annonce que les lois civiles et criminelles anglaises vont dorénavant
s'appliquer.

James Murray devient le premier gouverneur de la colonie anglaise.

Novembre - Des instructions secrètes parviennent au gouverneur de la nouvelle
«Province of Quebec». Ces instructions stipulent:

Qu'il sera obligatoire de prêter le Serment du Test (serment par lequel le
Catholique doit nier l'autorité du Pape, la transubstantiation, le culte de la
Vierge et ses Saints) pour occuper une charge publique.
Qu'aucun évêque catholique ne sera admis dans la colonie.
Que la venue de colons britanniques et la construction d'écoles
protestantes devront être encouragées.
Que la manière anglaise de diviser les terres devra être appliquée.

L'année 1763 marque aussi le début des tensions entre l'Angleterre et les
colonies américaines. Ces tensions sont à la fois causées par la Proclamation
royale, qui interdit aux colons américains d'étendre leur propriété, et par la
décision de l'Angleterre de rembourser ses dettes de guerre en imposant des
taxes à l'importation pour ses colonies.

1764
17 septembre - Une ordonnance du gouverneur Murray établit deux tribunaux:
une Cour supérieure pour appliquer les lois anglaises et une Cour inférieure pour
faire respecter les lois françaises. Le gouvernement de Londres exige cependant
le rappel de ces mesures.

1765
Le gouverneur Murray, jugé trop conciliant avec les Canadiens, est rappelé par
Londres et remplacé par Carleton.

L'Angleterre impose le «Stamp Act» aux colonies américaines, une loi qui oblige
ces colonies à acheter des timbres du gouvernement britannique et à les
appliquer sur tout document officiel.

1766
La paix est signée entre les Britanniques et les Amérindiens.

Londres rappelle le «Stamp Act» mais réussit à affirmer son droit de légiférer
pour les colonies américaines.

1767
L'opposition virulente des colons américains conduit à l'abolition du Townshend
Act, une loi qui imposait des taxes sur une variété de produits importés. Les
taxes sont abolies sur tous les produits, sauf le thé.

1773
Le gouvernement de Londres émet le Tea Act, qui confère le monopole sur le
commerce du thé à la British East India Company. Cette mesure prive les
commerçant coloniaux américains de revenus importants.

16 décembre - Le Boston Tea Party - A Boston, 20 citoyens se révoltent et,
déguisés en indiens, jettent à la mer une cargaison de thé en provenance
d'Angleterre.

En réponse au Boston Tea Party, le gouvernement britannique vote une série de
lois, «les lois intolérables», qui décrètent la fermeture du port de Boston et
enlèvent son autonomie au gouvernement du Massachussets.


1774

The impending American Revolution and the fear that the "Canadiens" might join them in the revolt led the British government to pass "An Act for making more effectual provision for the government of the Province of Quebec in North America" (Quebec Act) in 1774. Moreover, the government of Great Britain had come to realise that the policy of assimilation spelled out in the Royal Proclamation did not make sense in view of the fact that the Province of Quebec seemed destined to remain largely French in the foreseeable future and that few British immigrants had shown interest in coming into the province. Hence, the assimilating policies of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 had to be officially abandoned. As Edmund Burke explained in the House of Commons the aim of the Act was to preserve the Canadiens' "old prejudices (and) their old customs." As much as was possible, the aim was to reconstitute New France and, as Burke pointed out, "the only difference is, they will have George the third for Louis the sixteenth."

By virtue of the Quebec Act, the Royal Proclamation was revoked; the territory of the Province of Quebec was greatly enlarged to include, in particular, the much disputed Ohio Valley. The governing of the Province would continue to be entrusted to a Governor who would be assisted by an appointed Council; a modified Oath rendered it possible for the Canadiens to participate in the running of the colony; a House of Assembly was deemed "inexpedient". The legal system was to consist of a mixture of British criminal laws and French civil laws (to this day this is the system that prevails in Quebec). The recognition of French civil laws entitled the Roman Catholic Church to collect its tithe with the full weight of the law on its side, while the seigneurs benefited by the guarantee to the seigneurial system which the reintroduction of French laws entailed. A supplementary bill, embodied in the Quebec Act the following year, imposed only such taxes as had been customary during the French regime.

The Quebec Act constituted a bold move on the part of Britain. Roman Catholics were emancipated in Quebec a full half century before their co-religionists in Britain received similar benefits; the law recognised the special character and position of Quebec within the Empire but fell far short from satisfying the average Canadien; consequently the Canadiens refused to move against the Americans and plans by England to crush the rebellion with their help proved unsuccessful. Nevertheless, Britain was successful enough with the concessions made in the Quebec Act to prevent the Canadiens from joining the Americans; had Britain not granted the Quebec Act it is possible to imagine that Canada would not exist today.

© 1998 Claude Bélanger, Marianopolis College

1775
10 mai - Début d'une première invasion américaine en territoire canadien; les
Américains cherchent alors à se gagner l'appui des Canadiens pour chasser les
Anglais d'Amérique.

A la fin de l'été 1775, le général américain Montgomery prend Montréal. Le 31
décembre 1775, une attaque contre Québec menée par les généraux
Montgomery et Arnold échoue. Montgomery est tué, Arnold blessé. Le siège de
la ville se poursuit jursqu'au printemps 1776.


1776
En juin, le gouverneur Carleton repousse les Américains à l'extérieur des
frontières du Québec.

4 juillet - Les colonies américaines proclament officiellement leur indépendance
sous le nom de United States of America. Cette déclaration d'indépendance
s'accompagne de la proclamation d'une charte des droits. C'est le début de la
guerre d'indépendance américaine.


1780-01-01 Montréal compte 17 945 habitants

1781
Les Américains remportent la guerre d'indépendance.

1781-__-__ John Molson arrive au Québec


1783-01-01 La Vérendrye aperçoit les Rocheuses


1783
Le Traité de Versailles met définitivement fin à la guerre. Par ce traité:

L'Angleterre reconnaît officiellement l'indépendance des nouveaux
Etats-Unis.
L'Angleterre doit céder aux Américains le territoire situé au sud des
Grands Lacs.

Cette clause du traité prive la province de Québec de sa principale source
d'approvisionnement en fourrures. Elle devra désormais trouver de nouvelles
sources d'approvisionnement en cherchant vers l'Ouest, soit vers l'actuelle
province du Manitoba.

Les colons britanniques restés fidèles à la couronne britannique (les loyalistes)
émigrent vers le nord (principalement en Ontario, mais également dans les
maritimes et dans les Cantons de l'Est au Québec).

Fondation de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest, mise sur pied par des marchands
anglais des colonies américaines pour faire concurrence à la Compagnie de la
Baie d'Hudson.

1784
La création du Nouveau-Brunswick à partir d'une division de la
Nouvelle-Ecosse. Cette nouvelle colonie accueille un grand nombre de loyalistes.


1785-10-16 Plusieurs jours noirs à Québec (feux de forêts)

1786-__-__ John Molson fonde la brasserie Molson


1789
La révolution française.

1790
Les loyalistes constituent 15% de la population totale de la Province de Québec.

[NI00076] 1763

By virtue of the Royal Proclamation, the province was renamed Province of Québec and its territory was defined as a thin band extending from approximately the Ottawa River along both shores of the St. Lawrence to about Anticosti Island. On the North Shore the limit passed just north of Lac St. Jean.

1774

In an effort to solidify the loyalty of the Canadiens, and hoping that concessions would bring them to help England against the impending American Revolution, Britain issued the Quebec Act. The Act extended the frontiers of Quebec from the Labrador Coast along a line significantly north of Lac St. Jean and extending westward to a point beyond Lake Superior; southward, the border ran along the Mississippi/Missouri and Ohio rivers, thus adding all of the Ohio Valley to Quebec. Thus, the entire St. Lawrence/Great Lakes system, and all of the land surrounding it, were now included in Quebec. As much as possible, England had wished to reconstitute the territory of new France under a single political unit and, by extending the borders westward, invigorate the economy of Quebec by giving its inhabitants access to the avenues of penetration of the continent and, thus, to the fur trade. Both Americans and several Indian tribes are unhappy with this decision.

1783

At the Treaty of Paris of 1783 (This treaty settled the issue of the American Revolution; in it England recognized the independence of the United States; given that North America was now to be divided in some fashion between England and the USA, the borders had to be fixed between the two) the Province of Quebec lost all of the lands below the Great Lakes (the Ohio Valley). We retained only the land North of the Great Lakes. The territory of Quebec was thus approximately that of Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario as we know them today.

1791

In the Constitutional Act (also called Canada Act), the territory of the Province of Quebec
was divided into two. The frontier between Upper Canada (southern Ontario of today) and Lower Canada (southern Quebec of today)was established along the Ottawa River. Thus, of the large territory granted to Quebec in the Quebec Act of 1774, only the southern portion of today’s Quebec remained by 1791.

1791

Act passed in l79l by the Parliament of Great Britain to provide for the administration of the Province of Quebec and to meet the demands of the new British subjects who had flocked to the province following the American Revolution. The statute separated the old Province of Quebec into two new colonies: Upper and Lower Canada. The former would be primarily English speaking (present day Southern Ontario) and was expected to introduce English Common Law and to establish officially the Church of England; the latter would be primarily French speaking (present day Southern Quebec) where French Civil Laws would be applied and where the Roman Catholic Church would predominate. The bill also granted representative assemblies to both colonies. These colonial legislatures would control the civil list and raise revenues for the good government of their territories. Executive power would rest in the hands of a governor in each colony and he was to be assisted in his task by an executive council whose members would be chosen by him and would not be responsible for their actions to the assemblies. This last provision - the lack of responsibility in the executive branch - is a factor that led to the Rebellions of 1837-1838 in Upper and Lower Canada and to the sending of Lord Durham to Canada to investigate the situation.


© 1998 Claude Bélanger, Marianopolis College

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North West Company: Brass Token, 1820

The North West Company was one of the most important companies engaged in the fur trade during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The company began about 1775 as a loose partnership of men from Scottish, French-Canadian and U.S. backgrounds. By 1804 it was a well-organized business offering strong competition to the Hudson's Bay Company. Although the company's base of operations was Montreal, ''Nor'Westers'', such as Alexander MacKenzie, explored and traded as far as the Pacific coast. In 1820 the company issued both brass and copper tokens, each representing the value of one beaver pelt. These tokens were about the size of our present 50-cent piece and most known examples have a small hole at the top. Instead of using them as money at the trading posts, the Native Canadians often strung them on a cord and wore them around the neck as ornaments. The token illustrated is part of the National Currency Collection, Bank of Canada.

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Hudson's Bay Company: One Dollar Trade Token 1820

The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England Trading into Hudson's Bay, better known as the Hudson's Bay Company, was founded in 1670. A little over one hundred and fifty years later, trading posts had been established from Hudson's Bay to the Pacific Ocean, forming the world's first chain of department stores. Their main customers were the First Nations hunters and trappers who brought in their furs to barter for the European's goods. In order to facilitate this trade, the Company established the 'made beaver' as the unit of account, a 'made beaver' being a prime adult beaver skin. All other furs
and all European trade goods were valued in 'made beavers.' The Company's factors soon found that some sort of token was necessary to stand for a 'made beaver.' At first these tokens were made locally from wood, ivory, shell, stone or scrap metal. When an Aboriginal brought his furs to a trading post they would be valued in 'made beavers' and a pile of tokens would be placed on the counter; then as he made his purchases tokens would be withdrawn from the pile until they had all been used. Eventually the Company provided a supply of manufactured metallic tokens to its trading posts. At first these were denominated in 'made beavers' but later, as the First Nations became more commercially sophisticated, the tokens bore denominations in dollars and cents. The brass token illustrated was used at trading posts in British Columbia about ninety years ago. It is part of the National Currency Collection, Bank of Canada.

________________________________________________________________________________

1800-01-01 Toronto compte 403 habitants

1800-09-13 Signature d'un traîté de paix entre la France et les Etats-Unis

1801-10-01 Signature d'un traîté de paix entre la France et l'Angleterre

1802-04-__ Ouverture d'un musée de cire à Montréal

1802-10-26 Naissance de Joe Montferrand à Montréal

1804-03-02 7 soldats anglais sont fusillés à Québec pour désertion

1805-01-01 Montréal compte 9 000 habitants

1806-__-__ Fondation de Hull par Philémon Wright

1812
Deuxième invasion du Canada par les États-Unis. En territoire canadien, la
guerre débute au Haut-Canada, dans la région des Grands Lacs. Les deux
colonies demeurent fidèles à la colonie britannique.

1813
Les Américains s'emparent de York (Toronto), incendient la ville et le
Parlement. Ils sont cependant défaits à Châteauguay au cours d'une bataille où
s'illustre Charles de Salaberry.

1814
A la suite de la défaite de Napoléon en Europe, l'Angleterre envoie 14 000
soldats en renfort en Amérique. Le 24 décembre, le traité de Gand met fin à la
guerre en Amérique et rétablit le statu-quo.

1815
A partir de cette année, l'immigration d'origine britannique connaît une croissance
foudroyante dans le Bas-Canada. En 1815, environ 700 émigrants débarquent au
port de Québec. En 1817, ils sont environ 7 000. Entre 1818 et 1837, le
Bas-Canada reçoit entre 8 000 et 50 000 émigrants par année.

Fin des guerres napoléoniennes.

1817
Création de la première banque canadienne, la Bank of Montreal.

La région des Grands Lacs est démilitarisée.

1818
Entente fixant la frontière entre l'Amérique britannique et les États-Unis au 49e
parallèle, depuis le lac des Bois jusqu'aux Rocheuses.

1821
La Compagnie de la Baie d'Hudson absorbe la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest.


1822
Le Parlement de Londres dépose un projet de loi préconisant l'union des
législatures du Haut-Canada et du Bas-canada. Ce projet propose une parité de
représentation (60 députés pour chaque Canada). Il indique également qu'au
Bas-Canada, 20 députés devront être élus par des anglophones. De plus, d'après
le projet, l'anglais deviendrait la seule langue officielle. Tout membre de
l'Assemblée devrait enfin posséder une propriété foncière d'au moins 500 livres
sterling.

A la suite de l'opposition des Canadiens, menée par Louis-Joseph Papineau et
son second, John Neilson, qui parviennent à obtenir 60 000 signatures au bas
d'une pétition dénonçant le projet d'union, le gouvernement de Londres décide
finalement de reculer et retire son projet en 1823. Le 10 mai 1823, Papineau et
Neilson s'étaient rendus à Londres présenter un mémoire contre le projet d'Union
du Haut et du Bas-Canada.

1826
Le parti Canadien de Louis-Joseph Papineau devient le parti Patriote.

Fondation de Hull.

1829
Fondation de l'Université McGill.

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The Durham Report, the Union Act and the Birth of the Separatist/Federalist Attitudes

1839

Without entering into details that need not concern us here, Lord Durham broadly proposed three major changes in his famous report in 1839. In some measure, all three of these proposals were interconnected. He proposed

1. to Unite Upper and Lower Canada into a single province to stimulate the economy and create conditions of prosperity as well as to reduce to dominant position of the French, render them increasingly politically powerless and, eventually, assimilate them.
2. to institute Responsible Government so as to remove a major source of friction that had existed between the government and elected officials prior to 1837. to assimilate the French.

His proposal of Union, especially as it was to be applied by the British Government in the Union Act, was perceived in Quebec as ‘an act of oppression’ or, in the words of historian Maurice Séguin, as ‘a New Conquest’. It was evident that one of the purposes of the Union Act was to remove from the French the little amount of self-government, of control over their political institutions, that they had had between 1791 and 1837. It was also evident that various clauses in
the Act aimed at assimilating the French or introduced a threat to their survival in the future. Especially objectionable to Quebec were the following clauses:


1. the debts of Upper Canada and Lower Canada were now merged into one. Upper Canada had a large debt when Lower Canada had an accumulated surplus.
2. The Union Act provided for equal representation of the two parts of the new province in the new House of Assembly when in fact Lower Canada contained 60% of the population and Upper Canada had only 40%. This had been done to ensure an English majority in the House of Assembly right from the start of the Union.
3.The financial requirements to vote in elections, or to be elected, had been raised making it more difficult to the poor to exercise their franchise. As the French tended to be poorer than the English, more of them were adversely affected by this.
4. The new legislature to be elected would decide on the laws to be used. As the majority was English, there was fear that French laws and the Seigneurial system would be put into jeopardy.
5. There was no requirements for French to be used in the laws and by the government of the Province. French could be used in the debates of the House but was slated to disappear within 15 years.

Why did Durham suggest assimilation?

There exists a mistaken view that the main reason for the assimilation suggestion by Durham comes from an intolerant, racist attitude. While it is clear that Durham shared the commonly held views of his time regarding the superiority of ‘the Anglo-Saxon race’, and that one finds evidence in the Report that this view coloured his vision of things in Lower Canada, nevertheless the assimilation suggestion was not primarily based on racist grounds. After all, upon reflection,
the suggestion of assimilation is usually not made by racist individuals who prefer to see the separation of races continued and perpetuated, as the ‘higher’ race cannot possibly countenance melding with the ‘lower race’...

Durham had primarily three reasons to propose assimilation:

1. There was, for a variety of reasons, some of which disclose intolerance on the part of Durham, a deadly animosity between the English and the French and this made efficient government of the province impossible.
2. One should consider who will dominate eventually on this continent; the French of Canada will suffer the fate of the Acadians of Louisiana. If the French cling to their ancestral ways and language, in a continent increasingly dominated by the English, they will be put increasingly in a position of hopeless economic and social inferiority.
3. Because they are French, a spirit of exclusion (read: they have been victims of discrimination) has kept them out of the better positions in government and business and has furthered their position of inferiority.

Consequences of the Union Act in Quebec

There were primarily three long-term consequences to the Union Act:

1. It precipitated immediately group solidarity among Francophones in Quebec. All the members of the nation had to work for the preservation of the group, protect it against those who wished to do harm to it. Politically, all French Canadians had to support the French Canadian Block ( a group of Francophones elected after 1841 to oppose the Union, assimilation, and defend French Canadian rights; French Canadians have continued to vote as a block federally ever since). From 1841 on, the main focus politically in Quebec will be

How best to protect the nation;
How best to assure its survival

The priority will be group survival and solidarity of its members to achieve this goal; individualistic goals will become secondary. The focus of all political action will be the survival of Quebec, not that of Canada

In the fight for survival, the role of the elite was seen as essential; from 1841, the leadership of French Canadian society was assumed by the Roman Catholic Church. Consequently:
religion was increasingly stressed as the primary characteristic distinguishing the French Canadian people from their ‘Protestant’ environment. It became the prime focus of survival, the ‘first pillar of survival’ (as will be explained later in the course). It will be the duty of French Canadians to spread the religion and the values associated with it. This is what Michel Brunet called Messianism.
conservative values came to predominate; the focus is on ‘preserving’ the past, what there was rather than development in the future.

rural values will be preached; the Anglo-Saxon world was a capitalist, urban and industrial world. To enter such a world is to put on the line your faith, hence your survival. It is best to remain on the land where conservative, rural values, belief in God still predominate. This is what Michel Brunet called agriculturalism.

the Church preached the distrust of the state (Brunet calls this anti-statism); the state was seen as foreign to the group, dominated as it was by a majority alien in culture and religion to the Québécois. Those who control this state often are seen as attempting to destroy French Canada. It is best to rely on the Church to provide the services which one would normally associate with the State (charity, health, welfare, education); the Church is the guardian not just of the faith of the people but of the nation as well.

Xenophobic tendencies, the rejection and fear of ‘others’ will also appear from this time. Gone were the days of liberal and tolerant views toward others. ‘Others’ will be perceived as a threat to the nation.

One of the most important consequences was the birth of the separatist and federalist attitudes or ideologies. For explanation, see the discussion below.

The Birth of the Federalist and Separatist attitudes following the passage of the Union Act

As French Canada focused increasingly on the existential question of its survival in a foreign and somewhat hostile environment, two attitudes arose to the question of how best to assure the survival of the community: the federalist and the separatist. These were typified by the two great political leaders in Quebec at that time: Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine and Louis Joseph Papineau.
Lafontaine had been a former follower of Papineau during the time of the Rebellions of 1837-38. He had fled to the USA during the Rebellion of 1837 and upon his return in 1838 he had been arrested and jailed, though he was eventually released without the benefit of a trial. After 1841 he will emerge as the leader of the French Canadian Block in the new legislature of the United Province of Canada. While voicing the discontent of his compatriots against a union devised to

destroy them, he believed that the way to assure the survival of French Canada was to seek to cooperate with English Canada. By supporting goals (economic development and Responsible Government) that English and French had in common, he hoped to gain support from his allies in Upper Canada to make the Union more acceptable to the French, and especially to gain rights for the French language and laws. In his view, the best way to assure the survival of French Canada was to cooperate with English Canada, to develop common bonds, to focus on what united all Canadians. He typified the ‘federalist’ attitude: cooperate to gain rights, the survival of French Canada is dependant on the survival of Canada. The union of Lafontaine and Baldwin, and later of Macdonald and Cartier, typified this federalist attitude that later leaders like Laurier, Lapointe, St. Laurent and Trudeau are going to follow.

There was a second attitude that could be taken to the threat of assimilation posed by the new Union of 1840-41: the separatist attitude. To the question of how best to assure the survival of French Canada, Louis-Joseph Papineau answered increasingly by destroying the union, withdrawing cooperation and creating a separate state controlled by the Quebecois and dedicated to the sole proposition of the preservation of this state and people. To Papineau, cooperation
would only eventually bring about the subordination of his nation and its assimilation to the English speaking world. He preached a form of isolationism although he was himself rather internationalist in outlook. In the rest of his political career, he fought bitterly the Union and his political rival Lafontaine.

Yet, what must be seen above the apparent differences, is that both attitudes share much in common: both wish to assure the survival of French Canada and both made of this survival their priority politically; both made the survival of Quebec their priority and not that of Canada. This is, in part, what most distinguishes the French Canadian federalist attitude from the federalists of the rest of Canada. One is primarily focused on Quebec, the other on Canada.


© 1998 Claude Bélanger, Marianopolis College

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1840
Le projet de loi promulgant l'union du Haut-Canada et du Bas-Canada est déposé
au Parlement britannique. Le 23 juillet, il est sanctionné par la reine Victoria. Il
entre en vigueur le 10 février 1841. La nouvelle colonie s'appelle Province du
Canada.


1840-1 As suggested by Lord Durham in his famous report, Upper and Lower Canada are merged into one province, with one government, under the name of United Province of Canada. For the first time since the Conquest, there is not an identifiable government just for Quebec and its population.

1841
La première session du parlement de l’Union s’ouvre à Kingston. L’Acte
d’Union crée un Canada-Uni doté d’un gouvernement, d’un Conseil législatif
nommé par la couronne britannique et une assemblée élue.

Les députés réformistes du Haut-Canada et du Bas-Canada, menés
respectivement par Robert Baldwin et Louis-Hyppolyte Lafontaine, font alliance
et obtiennent la majorité à la chambre d’assemblée du Canada-Uni.

Baldwin concède à Lafontaine et à ses députés le droit de parler français et de
faire partie du futur gouvernement ministériel.

En échange, Lafontaine accepte la construction de canaux, favorable surtout à la
région du Haut-Canada.

1851

Création d’une monnaie canadienne.


1855
Le gouvernement retourne siéger à Toronto.

John A. MacDonald et Georges-Etienne Cartier forment un gouvernement
libéral-conservateur au Canada-Uni. Parmi les membres de leur gouvernement,
Alexander Galt occupe le poste de ministre des finances. Partisan d’une union
fédérale, il propose une extension de la nation canadienne vers l’ouest.

1865
Le Parlement déménage à Ottawa,de Quebec selon la volonté (influencée par le gouverneur
général) de la reine Victoria.


1867

John A. MacDonald (conservateur) devient le premier ministre du pays.

1867

The Constitutional Act of 1867 (British North America Act) creates a new Province of Quebec with a government of its own and under local control. The territory is basically that of southern Quebec of today. This creation of a Province of Quebec, controlled by ‘the Québécois’ went a long way to make them accept the new Constitution and the new country of Canada.


1898

A portion of the land purchased by Canada from the Hudson Bay Company in 1868-1869
is given to Quebec by the federal government. As the accompanying map shows, the northern frontier of Quebec passes north of lake Mistassini in Quebec and reaches the mid-point approximately of James Bay.

1912

A further grant of land in the North by the federal government extends the Northern limits of Quebec all the way to Ungava Bay (its present day frontier).
1927

A decision of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council very unfavourable to Quebec makes the Coast of Labrador, held by Newfoundland since 1809, mean a territory as deep
into the interior of Quebec as 370 miles. This judicial decision has never been recognized by Governments of Quebec and has led to a good deal of friction between the two provinces.

© 1998 Claude Bélanger, Marianopolis College

[NI00081]
Hudson's Bay Company: One-quarter Made Beaver Token

In 1670 Charles II of Britain granted a charter to the "Governor and Company of Adventurers of England Tradeing [sic] into Hudson's Bay" giving the company absolute control over the territory drained by the rivers flowing into Hudson Bay. This charter marked the founding of the Hudson's Bay Company, a venture that was to figure importantly in the history of Canada and the fur trade. Initially, trading posts were built in the Hudson Bay region, but by 1821 the powerful trading company had extended its interests all the way to the Pacific coast. Most of the furs traded at these posts were trapped by Aboriginals who bartered the pelts for goods at Company stores. In order to facilitate this exchange, the "made beaver" - the value of a prime beaver pelt-was established as the unit of account. When a trapper brought his furs to the trading post he would receive in return a pile of tokens valued in made beavers. He was then able to select goods from the Company store until his supply of tokens was exhausted. Before metal tokens came into use, locally produced tokens of ivory, stone, bone and wood were used
at some Hudson's Bay Company posts. The brass token is the size of a Canadian 25-cent piece and is one of a set of four denominations valued at 1, 1/2 and 1/8 made beaver. These tokens, which were used in the East Main District east and south of Hudson Bay, do not bear a date but were struck sometime after 1857. The letters on the token have the following meanings: HB (Hudson Bay), EM (East Main), NB (made beaver) - the N is a die-cutter's error for M. This token is part of the National Currency Collection, Bank of Canada.
_________________________________________________________________________________

Hull,Que Evaluation (Tax)
1877-1878

Rue Page No. Maintenant

Hupe,Jules Division 049 2033 ( 1938- rue St Jean Baptiste )

Hupe,Jules Alfred 095 1970 ( Proprietaire ) ( 1994- Papineau-est de Kent )

____________________________________________________________________________________

Hull Recensement 1891 Jules demeurait sur la rue Bridge ( cote nord )
( 1994-rue Eddy )

___________________________________________________________________________________

1842-12-28 Naissance de Calixa Lavallée (O Canada)
1843-07-18 1ère Sonnerie du carillon de l'église Notre-Dame à Montréal
1845-05-28 Incendie majeur à Québec: 1 230 maisons sont détruites
1845-06-28 Autre incendie à Québec: 432 maisons sont détruites
1845-08-09 Naissance de Alfred Bessette, "Le Frère André"
1847-03-03 Naissance de Alexander Graham Bell, inventeur du téléphone
1847-12-06 Dissolution du 2e Parlement du Canada-Uni
1848-12-31 40 000 Canadiens-Français ont émigré aux Etats-Unis cette année
1849-01-02 1er éclairage au gaz des rues de Québec
1849-04-25 25 000 volumes sont détruits pendant l'incendie du Parlement

[NI00086] Hull,Que : 1905 Evaluation

Hupe,Pierre 78 Champlain 5207 ( Next door to Joseph Hupe his brother )
( Inkerman St )
_______________________________________________________________________

Pierre was the owner of a sawmill & general store in Greely

Property at 1429 Meadow Dr.

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[NI00087]
Hull,Que Evaluation 1905

Hupe,Joseph 76 Champlain 5206
( Inkerman St )
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1926-Mill Superintendent at the Gatineau Co.

Hull,Que 1949

Hupe,Joseph 344 Maisonneuve ( Retired )

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[NI00088] «Ô Canada»

Notre hymne national

Ô Canada! Terre de nos aïeux,
Ton front est ceint de fleurons glorieux!
Car ton bras sait porter l'épée,
Il sait porter la croix!
Ton histoire est une épopée
Des plus brillants exploits.
Et ta valeur, de foi trempée,
Protégera nos foyers et nos droits,
Protégera nos foyers et nos droits.

«Ô Canada» a été proclamé hymne national le 1er juillet 1980, un siècle après avoir été
chanté pour la première fois, le 24 juin 1880. La musique est l'oeuvre de Calixa Lavallée,
célèbre compositeur, et les paroles françaises sont de Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier. Le chant
est devenu de plus en plus populaire et, au cours des années, il en est apparu de nombreuses
versions anglaises. La version anglaise officielle est basée sur celle composée en 1908 par le
juge Robert Stanley Weir. Elle incorpore les changements apportés en 1968 par un comité
mixte du Sénat et de la Chambre des communes. La version française n'a pas été modifiée.

_________________________________________________________________________________


Hudson's Bay Company: One-Dollar Counterstamped Trade Token


When the Hudson's Bay Company began trade with the First Nations, goods were bartered directly. Gradually, however, counters such as ivory discs, small wooden sticks and other objects were introduced to facilitate the transactions. About the middle of the 19th century, tokens with a stamped value replaced these counters. In northeastern Canada the tokens were generally valued in "made beaver." However, in the prairies and western Canada, where trading was not primarily in furs, the
tokens had values based on the dollar. About 1871, the I.G. Baker & Company of St. Louis, Missouri, established a trading post in Alberta near the present location of Fort MacLeod. Supplies were hauled from the head of navigation at Fort Benton, Montana, approximately 240 miles to the south. Other Baker trading posts were established at Calgary in 1875, at Lethbridge in 1885 and for a short time at Fort Walsh in Saskatchewan. The company issued a series of uniface brass tokens, stamped
I.G. B & Co., in denominations of 25 cents, 50 cents, $1 and $5. In 1891, the Hudson's Bay Company bought out the Canadian operations of I.G. Baker & Company and over-punched all the Baker tokens in circulation. This was a relatively simple task. The 'I' was changed to an 'H' and the 'G' and '&' were blanked out leaving the legend H.B Co. The use of tokens as a substitute for cash was discontinued in 1928 by the order of the Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. The piece illustrated is slightly larger than a Canadian silver dollar and forms part of the National Currency Collection, Bank of Canada.

____________________________________________________________________________

Hull,Que 1905 Evaluation :

Hupe,Jules ( Jr ) 439 Champlain 5140
( Inkerman St )

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hull-Recensement 1891 Jules Jr demeurait sur la rue Lorne ( Cote est ) ( 26 ans )
sa femme Philomene age de 22 ans
( 1938-rue Lorne est devenu rue "Maisonneuve entre
Sacre-Coeur et Reboul/Dussault )


______________________________________________________________

1912 - Jules was a foreman on a sand barge,on friday the barge sank near
Rockland On.( Ottawa River )They unloaded the sand and put the barge
in dry dock for repairs.The following monday he took a train from Hull
to Masson Que crossing to the Ontario side by boat.At the dry dock
they were lowering the barge back in the water when it tilted sideways.

Jules told the men to move aside,used a jack to straighten it when
the beam he was jacking snapped hitting him.His co-workers said
he flew 100 feet killing him instantly.

_____________________________________________________________

Jules also worked for J R Booth sawmill in Ottawa.
_____________________________________________________________

1866-10-14 Incendie majeur à Québec: 3 000 maisons détruites
1867-__-__ Découverte de l'astrolabe de Champlain
1867-07-01 John A. Macdonald devient 1er Ministre du Canada
1867-07-01 Le Québec entre dans la Confédération

[NI00100] Jules-Philomene Charette
Philomene Died in 1908.

Oct 1-1911 Josephat ( 10 ) & Leon ( 8 ) were admitted to St Joseph's Orphanage.
siblings were aged 16 to 25.

Jan 10-1912 Jules marry's Delina Fleury

Jan 12-1912 discharged from St Joseph's ( Pierre Hupe )

July 11 1912 Jules Dies

1937- living at 140 Clarence Asst Baker at the Chateau Laurier.

1938- 254 St Patrick Baker at the Chateau.


_____________________________________________________________________________

Beaver Preserve Token

The beaver, or more specifically, the trade in its valuable pelt, played a central role in the early exploration and settlement of Canada. However, the increasing demand for pelts eventually took its toll on beaver populations. The lands around Hudson and James Bays once teemed with beaver, but by 1930 overhunting and disease had reduced the population to near extinction. It was James Watt, post manager for the Hudson's Bay Cornpany at Rupert House, who developed the idea of the Beaver
Preserve. When Aboriginal trappers located an occupied beaver lodge, Watt would pay them to allow the pair to breed. The First Nations also received a ration of staples to encourage them not to kill the beaver for food. Watt and his wife Maud eventually persuaded the Quebec government to establish a beaver sanctuary covering 7,200 square miles, under a lease with Mrs. Watt. No beavers could be trapped on the preserve until the population reached an acceptable level. The first quota of 450 beaver was trapped in 1940, and by 1944 there were 13,000 live animals. It is believed that the Beaver Preserve tokens
were used to monitor the growth of the beaver population. The Indians received a numbered token for each beaver on their trapping lands and the head of each family was given a badge designating that person as a Beaver Warden. The tokens were first issued during thc 1930s and were struck in brass. Aluminum tokens also exist, probably struck during World War II when brass was restricted to use in the war effort. Beaver Preserve tokens are believed to have been in use until the early 1950s. The
side not illustrated reads BEAVER TOKEN and below this, NO. with a stamped number. The token is approximately the size of a Canadian silver dollar but much thinner, and forms part of the National Currency Collection, Bank of Canada.

________________________________________________________________________

1910-01-05 1ère partie de hockey du Canadien de Montréal
1910-01-10 Henri Bourassa fonde le journal "Le Devoir"
1910-01-12 Wilfrid Laurier présente le bill pour créer une marine canadienne
1910-06-__ Apparition des premières automobiles-taxis à Montréal
1911-__-__ Machenzie King est élu 1er Ministre du Canada
1911-01-01 Le Canada compte 7 205 000 habitants
1911-08-17 Wilfrid Laurier débute sa campagne à Trois-Rivières
1913-04-04 Naissance de Jules Léger, futur gouverneur-général du Canada
1913-07-27 Parution du journal "Le Droit" à Ottawa

_________________________________________________________________________

Life on the Home Front

The following images are taken from an 8-page booklet printed in 1917 and issued by the Food Controller for Canada. These booklets were distributed to Canadian citizens at home -- urging them to co-operate in saving food. Some of the suggested dinners might seem a bit odd to us in the present day.

( See Scrapbook - rations 1914-1918 )

__________________________________________________________________________

[NI00115] The gate and cemetery sign at the Dunning cemetery was
made and donated by Louis D Hupe.

[NI00164] Variations et surnoms : Huppe

Hupe-Huppee-Lacroix-De La Groye-dit Lagroix-De Lacroix

Lacroix dit Names :

Lacroaut-Babin-Bourgaud et Bourgaux-Corbin-Damesteuil-Darragon
Desnoyers-Doisson-Fevrier-Fouet-Fouin-Foy-Girard-Hubert-Lagiroflee
Laine-Langevin-Launay-Lefebvre-Leroux-Maguet-Major-Neveu-
Roberge-Voisin.
____________________________________________________________

1942-01-27 Le Canada donne 1 000 000 000$ ( 1 billion ) à l'Angleterre
1942-04-20 2e emprunt de guerre du Canada: 1 000 000 000$
1943-10-07 Incendie majeur à Thetford-Mines: 1 usine, 6 maisons
1944-__-__ Tremblement de terre à Cornwall: 5.7
1944-03-23 Maurice Richard compte 5 buts en une partie
1944-03-30 Le Canadien bat les Maple Leafs 11 à 0
1944-04-15 Création de l'Hydro-Québec


Family was raised at 739 Cummings Ave.Ottawa,On

[NI00166]

Prince Edward Island Collie & Shetland Sheepdog Club.
Contact: Helen Hupe, Pres., RR 4 Cornwall Road, PE, C0A 1H0
Breeder Contact: Helen and Denis Hupe, RR 4 Cornwall Road, PE, C0A 1H0
Phone: (902) 628-2373 Email: buckhave@pei.sympatico.ca

[NI00175] 1970-01-01 Début de LOTO-QUEBEC
1970-02-10 Jean Drapeau est élu président de la CUM
1970-02-15 5e anniversaire du drapeau canadien
1970-03-14 23:00 heures: 1er tirage de Loto-Québec
1970-03-14 Le 1er gros lot de 125 000$ est gagné à Montréal
1970-04-24 David Lewis est élu chef du NPD Canada
1970-05-__ Dernier épisode de la série "Les Belles Histoires des Pays d'En-Haut"
1970-05-__ Sortie du film "2 Femmes en Or"
1970-06-__ Mise en chantier de l'aéroport de Mirabel
1971-__-__ Début des travaux de la Baie James
1971-01-01 Le Québec compte 6 027 764 habitants
1971-01-01 Le Canada compte 21 568 311 habitants

[NI00180] 1995-01-04 Joe Clark mérite l'Ordre du Canada
1995-01-18 Jacques Parizeau congédie son conseiller Pierre Bourgault
1995-02-02 41e édition du Carnaval d'hiver de Québec
11995-02-02 " The Color of my Love " de Céline Dion est certifié triple-platine
1995-02-08 Assermentation de Roméo Leblanc, 25e gouverneur-général du Canada
1995-02-15 30e anniversaire du drapeau canadien
1995-02-22 Rentrée émouvante de Lucien Bouchard aux Communes d'Ottawa
1995-03-11 Décès de Jean-Pierre Masson, comédien, notre "Séraphin"
1995-03-14 25e anniversaire du 1er tirage effectué par Loto-Québec
1995-04-08 Jean Chrétien fête ses 32 ans de vie parlementaire
1995-04-29 Jean Charest est confirmé chef du PC du Canada

[NI00450] Worked for McTavish Fobisher in 1798

[NI00481]
La Forteresse de Louisbourg

Port de pêche à la morue fondé en 1713, Louisbourg a vécu paisiblement
pendant trois décennies en qualité de port de mer de la colonie française.
La Nouvelle-Angleterre s'est emparée de la ville en 1745, mais la France
l'a reconquise trois ans plus tard. La paix fut de courte durée et, en 1758,
les Britanniques s'emparèrent de la ville une deuxième fois. Les
fortifications de Louisbourg furent détruites en 1760 et la petite garnison
britannique quitta la forteresse huit ans plus tard.

[NI00549]

[NI01332] Mining application tells us that the claim was made on the North Fork of the
Sixty Mile River,Nov 8th,1913.

[NI02827] Evylina's father "Daniel" was one of the discoverers of the FLIN FLON mines.

[NI02980] Richard Lacroix dit Huppe was a paratrooper in World War II.
He was killed in action on D-Day.Buried in a cemetry at
St Vaaste en Auge,near Caen,Normandie,France.

[NI03224]
Established in St Boniface
Working for the NORTH WEST CO at the riviere SOURI.
_________________________________________________

He witnessed the " La Bataille de la Grenouillere-June 16 1816.

________________________________________________________

Joseph worked for the Hudson Bay Co as a "Middleman" from 1835.
Retired 1838 as a "Storekeeper.

_______________________________________________

The Battle of Seven Oaks

The "Battle of Seven Oaks" marks the birth of the Metis Nation. Historians have
chosen to interpret this particular battle in a negative light, showing the Metis
as the aggressors contrary to the evidence. Historians of the past have chosen
to show the Metis as the savages, and therefore as the ones who fired the first shot
and afterwards mutilating the bodies. But, a more careful read of history indicates
that it was unlikely that the Metis fired the first shot and the Metis themselves did
not mutilate any of the bodies.The Metis were cleared of wrong doing in a report
prepared by William Bachelor Coltman who was appointed to investigate the
battle. Coltman's report clearly indicates that the Metis were not the aggressors
in the battle and that is was very unlikely that the Metis fired the first shot. Before
we go further it is necessary to look at the events leading up to the battle.

As employees of both the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company,
the Metis began to settle along the Assiniboine and Red Rivers. In 1811, a major
shareholder in the Hudson's Bay Company,Lord Selkirk requested and received
land for settlement. It included 116,000 square miles which included much of what
is now Southern Manitoba. With the arrival of settlers in 1812 new tensions began
to surface which ultimately would force the Metis to establish themselves as a force
in the region. By 1800,the Metis had consolidated themselves as a cultural group
on the western prairies.By 1810, the Metis had begun to supply fur trading forts
with pemmican provisions. When the settlers came into hard times in their first few
winters it became evident that Fort Douglas required provisions for itself. The then
Governor of Assiniboia, Miles McDonald, in January 1814 issued a proclamation
prohibiting the export of pemmican from Assiniboia. The Pemmican Proclamation
of 1814 seriously threatened the economic livelihood of the Metis because they
depended on the pemmican trade for their own livelihood. Many Metis and the
employees of the Northwest Company were in opposition to the Hudson's Bay
Company's proclamation. When Cuthbert Grant and some of his men were seen
trying to avoid Fort Douglas on their way to Fort Bas de la Riviere on Lake Winnipeg,
Governor Semple and twenty-four of his men rode out to intercept Grant and his men.
A shot was fired and twenty minutes later twenty settlers lay dead while only two of
Grant's men were killed.

A historian, Lyle Dick, from Parks Canada in a recent article on the Battle of Seven Oaks
reviewed Coltman's report and stated that first; the first shot was fired by the Selkirk
Settlers, second; that the Hudson's Bay Company and settlers had a high attrition rate
because they were "standing together in a crowd, unaccustomed to the use of fire-arms,
or any of the practices of irregular warfare," while the Metis were "all excellent marksman,advantageously posted in superior numbers around their opponents, and
accustomed as huntsman, and from the habits of Indian warfare, to every device that
could tend to their own preservation, or the destruction of their enemy" and third; in
respect to the mutilation of the bodies afterward,Coltman concluded that the individuals
responsible were a French Canadian and his three sons.

Many people today still believe that the Metis "massacred" the settlers in a savage
manner and that ultimately the battle was the fault of the Metis because they fired the
first shot even when there is evidence to the contrary. We as Metis people need to
start writing our own history and reviewing past historical writings to ensure the truth
is put forward. By understanding our past we can become stronger in the future.

[NI03254] Joseph worked for the Hudson Bay Co as a steersman from 1849.
Retired in 1852 as a Storekeeper.
________________________________________________

Louis Riel

Louis Riel, a leader of his people in their resistance against the Canadian government in
the Canadian Northwest, is perhaps the most controversial figure in Canadian
historiography. His life and deeds have spawned a massive and diverse literature.

He was born in the Red River Settlement (in what is now Manitoba) in 1844. A
promising student, he was sent to Montreal to train for the priesthood, but he never
graduated. An attempt at training as a lawyer ended similarly, and by 1868 Riel was back
in the Red River area. Ambitious, well educated and bilingual, Riel quickly emerged as a
leader among the Métis of the Red River. In 1869-1870 he headed a provisional
government, which would eventually negotiate the Manitoba Act with the Canadian
government. The Act established Manitoba as a province and provided some protection
for French language rights.

Riel's leadership in the agitation, especially his decision to execute a Canadian named
Thomas Scott, enraged anti-Catholic and anti-French sentiment in Ontario. Although
chosen for a seat in the House of Commons on three occasions, he was unable to take
his seat in the house. In 1875, Riel's role in the death of Scott resulted in his exile from
Canada. These years in exile would include stays in two Quebec asylums and the growing
belief in Riel that he had a religious mission to lead the Métis people of the Canadian northwest.

In 1884, while teaching in Montana at a Jesuit mission, Riel was asked by a delegation from the community of Métis from thesouth branch of the Saskatchewan river to present their grievances to the Canadian government. Despite Riel's assistance, the federal government ignored Métis concerns. By March of 1885, Métis patience was exhausted and a provisional government
was declared.

Riel was the undisputed spiritual and political head of the short-lived 1885 Rebellion. He never carried arms and hindered the work of his military head, Gabriel Dumont. Riel was increasingly influenced
by his belief that he was chosen to lead the Métis people. On May 15, shortly after the fall of Batoche, Riel surrendered to Canadian forces and was taken to Regina to stand trial for treason.

At his trial, Riel gave two long speeches which demonstrated his powerful rhetorical abilities. He personally rejected attempts by his defence counsel to prove he was not guilty by reason of insanity.
On 1 August 1885, a jury of six English-speaking Protestants found Riel guilty but recommended mercy. Judge Hugh Richardson sentenced him to death. Attempted appeals were dismissed and a special re-examination of Riel's mental state by government appointed doctors found him sane. He was
hanged in Regina on 16 November, 1885. His execution was widely opposed in Quebec and had lasting political ramifications.
______________________________________________________________________________

[NI03478] Mathilde Hamel-Sister of Charity at the General hospital of St Boniface
and guardian of this child,St Boniface,Selkirk . July 10 1875.

[NI03812] Ste Marie,Dawson City,Yukon 1898-1956

Oberfeld,Joseph 71 ans
de Nugget Inlet,ne en Suisse

"Trouve mort brule dans sa cabine a Nugget Guleh"
S. Oct 24 1929.

Temoins : Louis Nadeau,Louis Lagroix,N.Tremblay,P.Sinte
C. Jeanneret.

[NI04145] 1969 : 376 Lafontaine,Vanier,On
1971 : 248 Carillon,Vanier
1972 : 90 Carillon,Vanier
1975 : 360/111 Cahill west,Ottawa
1984 : 2124 Fillmore,Gloucester

[NI04189] Arrive a Quebec Avril 18 1689 de France.
de La Rochelle en Aunis,sur le vaisseau
"Le Taureau".

[NI04209]
Francois Huppe de LaGroye (1618)

Etudie a L'Universite de Richelieu,Paris.

Devient Maitre des comptes au chateau des Ducs
d'Alencon, ou il travail pour 30 ans.

[NI04256]

Brian Brown & Associates
22885-78th Avenue
Langley, BC, Canada VIM2J6
Contact: J Phil Huppe
(800) 813-8822
(604) 532-8090 FAX
Email: huppe@uniserve.com

Services: Surveillance, Electronic Counter Measures, Security Barcode Management System, and Corporate Fraud.

[NI04275] Pierre Huppe de LaGroye,fils de Jean Huppe de LaGroye
avait un-demi journeau au lieu dit "Naizement" au champs
Choisnet,terre situe pres la commune St Denys-sur-Sarthon
Orne. 28 Juin 1622.

[NI04460]
1534-04-20 Jacques Cartier quitte St-Malo avec 2 bateaux

1534-05-10 Jacques Cartier arrive à Terre-Neuve

1534-05-21 Jacques Cartier longe l'Ile-aux-Oiseaux

1534-05-27 Jacques Cartier longe le détroit de Belle-Isle

1534-05-27 Jacques Cartier arrive à l'entrée de la Baie-des-Châteaux

1534-06-10 Jacques Cartier longe les côtes du Labrador

1534-06-10 Jacques Cartier s'arrête dans le havre de Brest

1534-06-11 Une première messe est célébrée en Nouvelle-France

1534-06-12 Jacques Cartier dresse une croix dans la baie St-Servan

1534-06-12 Jacques Cartier se retrouve dans la Baie-des-Homards

1534-06-15 Jacques Cartier quitte le havre de Brest

1534-06-17 Jacques Cartier arrive à la baie des Iles

1534-06-29 Jacques Cartier fait escale au Havre Aubert, Iles-de-la-Madeleine

1534-06-30 Jacques Cartier arrive à l'Ile-du-Prince-Edouard

1534-07-02 Jacques Cartier longe les côtes du Nouveau-Brunswick

1534-07-04 Jacques Cartier arrive à l'Anse St-Martin

1534-07-04 Jacques Cartier débarque à la Baie-des-Chaleurs

1534-07-07 Jacques Cartier vit le 1er échange commercial avec les Indiens

1534-07-12 Jacques Cartier longe l'Ile Bonaventure

1534-07-24 Jacques Cartier débarque à Gaspé

1534-08-01 Jacques Cartier découvre les côtes du Québec

1534-08-15 Jacques Cartier met les voiles vers la France

1534-09-05 Jacques Cartier est de retour à St-Malo après 137 jours de voyage

1534-10-31 Jacques Cartier reçoît l'autorisation d'armer 2 bateaux

1535-__-__ Roberval s'exile de la France (religion)

1535-02-08 Jacques Cartier commence à recruter les équipages

1535-03-25 Jacques Cartier reçoît 3 000 livres pour son 2e voyage

1535-03-31 Jacques Cartier a complété son équipage: 3 vaisseaux, 110 hommes

1535-05-16 Jacques Cartier et ses hommes sont réunis dans la cathédrale

1535-05-16 L'Evêque bénit les 3 voiliers de Jacques Cartier

1535-05-19 Jacques Cartier appareille et quitte le port de St-Malo

1535-05-26 Jacques Cartier affronte une terrible tempête en mer

1535-06-25 Les 3 vaisseaux de Jacques Cartier se perdent de vue

1535-07-07 Jacques Cartier arrive le 1er à l'Ile-des-Oiseaux

1535-07-15 Jacques Cartier arrive au Havre de Blanc-Sablon

1535-07-26 Les 2 autres vaisseaux arrivent à Blanc-Sablon

1535-08-09 Jacques Cartier et sa flotte entrent dans la Baie St-Laurent

1535-08-10 Jacques Cartier baptise le fleuve "St-Laurent"

1535-08-15 Jacques Cartier accoste à l'Ile de l'Assomption (Anticosti)

1535-08-19 Jacques Cartier navigue près de la rivière Moisie

1535-08-24 Jacques Cartier et sa flotte quittent les Sept-Iles

1535-09-01 Jacques Cartier navigue à l'embouchure du Saguenay

1535-09-03 Jacques Cartier et ses hommes aperçoîvent des bélugas

1535-09-06 Jacques Cartier arrive à l'Ile-aux-Coudres

1535-09-07 Jacques Cartier quitte l'Ile-aux Coudres

1535-09-08 Jacques Cartier jette l'ancre à l'Ile d'Orléans

1535-09-14 Jacques Cartier arrive à Québec

1535-09-19 Jacques Cartier quitte Québec et se dirige vers Montréal

1535-09-28 Jacques Cartier navigue sur le lac St-Pierre

1535-10-02 Jacques Cartier débarque à Hochelaga (Montréal)

1535-10-03 Jacques Cartier escalade le Mont-Royal

1535-10-03 Jacques Cartier nomme la montagne de Montréal MONT-ROYAL

1535-10-04 Jacques Cartier retourne vers l'Emérillon pour revenir à Québec

1535-10-07 Jacques Cartier baptise le St-Maurice "Fouez"

1535-10-07 Jacques Cartier plante une croix au confluent de la St-Maurice

1535-10-11 Jacques Cartier est enfin de retour à Québec

1535-10-12 Jacques Cartier et ses hommes découvrent l'usage du tabac

1535-12-01 Le scorbut commence à frapper les hommes de Jacques Cartier

1536-__-__ Les premiers chevaux débarquent en Nouvelle-Ecosse

1536-04-15 Jacques Cartier a perdu 25 hommes durant le rude hiver

1536-05-03 Jacques Cartier fait planter une grande croix à Québec

1536-05-06 Jacques Cartier quitte Québec et se dirige vers l'Ile-aux-Coudres

1536-05-16 Jacques Cartier quitte l'Ile-aux-Coudres

1536-06-03 Jacques Cartier arrive près de Terre-Neuve

1536-06-19 Jacques Cartier reprend la mer pour retourner à St-Malo

1536-07-14 Signature d'un traité France/Portugal

1536-07-16 Jacques Cartier arrive à St-Malo avec des Indiens

1536-11-03 Décès en France de Claude de Pontbriant

1537-05-10 Jacques Cartier reçoît du roi le vaisseau Hermine

1537-05-30 Interdiction est faite aux navires français de naviguer

1537-06-09 Le pape affirme: "Les Indiens sont des êtres"

1538-03-25 3 Indiens sont baptisés en France

1538-06-18 Trêve entre la France et le Portugal

1538-09-14 Jacques Cartier reçoît 3 499 livres pour ses frais

1538-09-22 Jacques Cartier reçoît 50 écus d'or pour l'entretien des Indiens

1539-03-25 Jacques Cartier fait baptiser 3 Iroquois à St-Malo

1540-10-17 Jacques Cartier est nommé capitaine-général par le roi

1541-__-__ Jacques Cartier est nommé "Seigneur de Limoilou"

1541-01-15 Roberval est nommé lieutenant-général par le roi

1541-02-07 Les premiers colons sont recrutés dans les prisons

1541-04-10 Les prisonniers arrivent enchaînés à St-Malo

1541-04-16 Le principe seigneurial est accordé à Roberval

1541-05-03 Jacques Cartier quitte St-Malo pour son 3e voyage avec 5 navires

1541-05-19 Jacques Cartier rédige son testament devant notaires

1541-08-23 Jacques Cartier arrive au havre de Ste-Croix

1541-09-07 Jacques Cartier et ses hommes partent explorer la région

1542-04-16 Roberval quitte LaRochelle avec 3 navires

1542-06-01 Jacques Cartier quitte Québec pour retourner à St-Malo

1542-06-08 Roberval débarque à Terre-Neuve

1542-06-15 Jacques Cartier rencontre Roberval à Terre-Neuve

1542-06-20 Jacques Cartier retourne en France avec une cargaison de quartz

1542-06-30 Roberval quitte Terre-Neuve et remonte le St-Laurent

1542-09-01 Jacques Cartier arrive à St-Malo

1542-09-14 Roberval décide de renvoyer 2 navires en France

1543-__-__ Roberval fait pendre Michel Gaillon pour vol

1543-06-06 Roberval explore l'embouchure du Saguenay

1543-06-14 Roberval perd 8 hommes par noyade

1543-09-__ Roberval revient à La Rochelle avec ses hommes

1543-09-11 Les bateaux de Roberval sont vendus à LaRochelle

1544-04-03 Querelle entre Roberval et Jacques Cartier pour les coûts

1544-06-21 Cartier doit justifier ses dépenses devant Maître Legoupil

1545-__-__ Jacques Cartier publie à Paris le récit de son 2e voyage

1550-__-__ Desceliers publie une carte du Canada

1550-__-__ Jacques Cartier reçoît la visite de Sébastien Cabot

1550-__-__ Les Basques pratiquent la chasse à la baleine

1556-__-__ Ramuzio publie une carte de la Nouvelle-France

1556-07-17 Cartier établit une échelle de la valeur du blé et du pain
In 1534, Jacques Cartier, made his first of three voyages to New France, claiming possession in the name of France. The word "Canada", at that time, designated only the region around the city of Quebec.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1557-__-__ Naissance de Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt, explorateur

1557-06-26 Jacques Cartier porte caution pour Jehanne Chevalier

1557-09-01 Décès de Jacques Cartier, grand explorateur

1560-__-__ Décès de Roberval, assassiné, en France

1560-__-__ Jean Nicot importe en France des plants de tabac

1567-__-__ Naissance de Samuel de Champlain à Brouage en France

1570-__-__ Naissance de Marc Lescarbot, poète, historien

[NI04516]


Doctor,professor of English and Co-Director of the
center for medieval studies and early renaissance studies
at the state University of New York at Binghamton.
He's taught at New York University,Princeton and
lectured at the University of Vienna.

Author of many books.Start with
"Doctrine and Poetry" 1959

[NI04669]

Publisher in Lansing,MI,USA

[NI04738]

[NI04749]
Damas worked for the Hudson Bay Co as a "Middleman" from 1868
till retirement 1871 as a "Storekeeper".

[NI04753]

Polish Order of the Virtuti Militari
Recipients (1792-1992)



"The Polish Order of the Virtuti Militari was established in 1792
by King Stanislaw August Poniatowski to recognize and
reward outstanding military valor above and beyond the call of duty.
It is one of the oldest decorations for valor in the world. It
can be awarded to the same person in five different classes.
It can also be awarded to civilians in exceptional circumstances as
well as foreign military personnel for valorous service during a time of war."

"It is equivalent in stature to the U.S. Medal of Honor and the Brirtish Victoria Cross.
In addition to Poles who received the order, there were foreigners from the United States,
England, France, Japan, Italy, Belgium, Romania, Estonia, Yugoslavia,
Serbia and Latvia who have received it.

[NI04754]


Polish Order of the Virtuti Militari
Recipients (1792-1992)


"The Polish Order of the Virtuti Militari was established in 1792
by King Stanislaw August Poniatowski to recognize and
reward outstanding military valor above and beyond the call of duty
It is one of the oldest decorations for valor in the world. It
can be awarded to the same person in five different classes.
It can also be awarded to civilians in exceptional circumstances as
well as foreign military personnel for valorous service during a time of war."

"It is equivalent in stature to the U.S. Medal of Honor and the Brirtish Victoria Cross.
In addition to Poles who received the order, there were foreigners from the United States,
England, France, Japan, Italy, Belgium, Romania, Estonia, Yugoslavia,
Serbia and Latvia who have received it.

For VM's Awarded 1792, 1812, and 1831:
Write the Polish National Archives at Warsaw Poland.
Address:
Archiwun Glowne Akt Dawnych
Ul. Dluga 7
Warsaw, Poland 00-263

[NI04975]

Having grown up in the Washington,DC area, Pallas Hupe had a few
stops on the way to Northern Michigan. She began her
broadcasting her career as host of a children's television show in Saudi
Arabia (her parents worked there). She's worked as a reporter, producer
and anchor in Tallahassee, Florida,and Wilmington, North Carolina.
She is a graduate of Oxford University with a degree in Politics, Philosophy
and Economics. Pallas finds television journalism a constantly
changing, challenging career. She enjoys the writing as much
as the performance part of her job. In her spare time, she's
taking advantage of some of Michigan's outdoor activities, like
skiing and mountain biking. She's also a singer, enjoys cultural
events and likes to try her hand at creative writing,
photography, antiques, growing herbs and learning how to cook.


Traverse City,Cheboygan,MI,USA

[NI05015]

Philemon etait Metis Cree de Winnipeg.Etait grand compagnon
de luttes de Louis Riel.Il epousa Mariannah Dumont,soeur de
Gabriel Dumont,Metis revolutionnaire Cree,dont la tete etait mise
a prix comme celle de Louis Riel.( Accuse de tire "Thomas Scott" 1875 )
Philemon s'enfuit au Montana USA. Avec l'aide des Peres Oblats,il est
exonere et retourne au Canada. s'etablie a Clarence Creek Ont,
fini ses jours au Manitoba.

[NI05080]

Director of the University of Pennsylvania,USA
Foreign policy research Institute.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Strausz-Hupe Term Professor of Biology, is known for his work on the fundamental
mechanisms that determine cell motion and shape, most notably components known as actin
filaments. Tilney has studied the structure and development of these filaments using a wide range of
observational tools and has written more than 120 papers on the subject.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Name: Robert-Strausz Hupe
State of Residency: Pennsylvania
Non-career appointee
Title: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
Appointment: Feb 16, 1970
Presentation of Credentials: May 3, 1970
Termination of Mission: Left post, Dec 12, 1971
Note: Commissioned to Ceylon; also accredited to Maldives; resident at Colombo.

Sri Lanka...
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Robert Strausz-Hupe
Professor of Political Science

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Name: Robert Strausz-Hupe
State of Residency: Pennsylvania
Non-career appointee
Title: U.S. Permanent Representative on the Council of the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization, with the rank and
status of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
Appointment: Mar 3, 1976
Termination of Appointment: Apr 20, 1977

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

[NI05104]

Jim is senior officer in the Salem,OR,USA Police Dept.

[NI05110]

Diane Hupé, BScN, MPA, Clinical Assistant,
School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences,
University of Ottawa; Assistant Director, Ottawa
Regional Palliative Care Centre.

[NI05114]

What Fifth Graders Are Like!

Old pros. They know the school routine and
they still like to learn, but those preadolescent
hormones are beginning to kick in and they're
definitely becoming more daring. "Fifth graders
need a lot more dialogue with parents and
teachers," says Donna Hupe, a teacher at Haine
Elementary School in Cranberry Township,
Pennsylvania. "They're more willing to question
authority and test their limits."

[NI05116] The International Military Tribunal, Nurnberg: Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Volume I,
Chapter X: The Slave Labor Program


Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression

Volume I, Chapter X

Conditions of Deportation & Slave Labor

(Part 2 of 4)

Many of the foregoing documents, it will be noted, consist of complaints by functionaries of the Rosenberg ministry or by others concerning the conditions under which foreign workers were
recruited and compelled to live. These documents establish not only the facts therein recited,
but also show that the Nazi conspirators had knowledge of such conditions. Notwithstanding their knowledge of these conditions, however, the Nazi conspirators continued to countenance and
assist in the enslavement of a vast number of citizens of occupied countries.

Once within Germany, slave laborers were subjected to treatment of an unusually brutal and
degrading nature. The character of Nazi treatment was in part made plain by the conspirator's
own statements. Sauckel declared on one occasion:

"All the men must be fed, sheltered and treated in such a way as to exploit them to the highest
possible extent at the lowest conceivable degree of expenditure." (016-PS)

Force and brutality as instruments of production found a ready adherent in Speer who,
in the presence of Sauckel, said at a meeting of the Central Planning Board:

"We must also discuss the slackers. Ley has ascertained that the sicklist decreased to one-fourth
or one-fifth in factories where doctors are on the staff who are examining the sick men.
There is nothing to be said against SS and police taking drastic steps and putting those known as slackers into concentration camps. There is no alternative.Let it happen several times
and the news will soon go round." (R-124)

At a later meeting of the Central Planning Board, Field Marshall Milch agreed that so far
as workers were concerned,

"The list of the shirkers should be entrusted to Himmler's trustworthy hands." (R-124) Milch made particular reference to foreign workers by stating:

"It is therefore not possible to exploit fully all the foreigners unless we compel them
by piece-work or we have the possibility of taking measures against foreigners who are
not doing their bit." (R-124)

The policy as actually executed was even more Draconian than the policy as planned by the conspirators. Impressed workers were underfed and overworked. They were forced to live in
grossly overcrowded camps where they were held as virtual prisoners and were otherwise
denied adequate shelter. They were denied adequate clothing, adequate medical care and
treatment and, as a result, suffered from many diseases and ailments. They were generally
forced to work long hours up to and beyond the point of exhaustion. They were beaten and
subjected to inhuman indignities.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
An example of this mistreatment is found in the conditions which prevailed in the Krupp factories.Foreign laborers at the Krupp Works were given insufficient food to enable them to perform the work required of them. A memorandum upon Krupp stationery to Mr. Hupe, director of the Krupp Locomotive Factory in Essen, dated 14 March 1942, states:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"During the last few days we established that the food for the Russians employed here is so miserable, that the people are getting weaker from day to day.

"Investigations showed that single Russians are not able to place a piece of metal for turning into position for instance, because of lack of physical strength. The same conditions exist at all places of work where Russians are employed." (D-316)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The condition of foreign workers in Krupp workers camps is described in detail in an affidavit executed in Essen, Germany, on 15 October 1945 by Dr. Wilhelm Jager, who was the senior camp doctor. Dr. Jager makes the following statement:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Conditions in all these camps were extremely bad. The camps were greatly overcrowded.
In some camps there were twice as many people in a barrack as health conditions permitted.
At Kramerplatz, the inhabitants slept in treble-tiered bunks, and in the other camps
they slept in double-tiered bunks. The health authorities prescribed a minimum space between beds of 50 cm, but the bunks in these camps were separated by a maximum of 20-30 cm.

"The diet prescribed for the eastern workers was altogether insufficient. They were given 1,000
calories a day less than the minimum prescribed for any German. Moreover, while German workers engaged in the heaviest work received 5,000 calories a day, the eastern workers in comparable jobs received only 2,000 calories. The eastern workers were given only 2 meals a day and their bread ration. One of these two meals consisted of a thin, watery soup. I had no assurance that the eastern workers, in fact, received the minimum which was prescribed. Subsequently, in 1943, when I undertook
to inspect the food prepared by the cooks, I discovered a number of instances in which
food was withheld from the workers.

"The plan for food distribution called for a small quantity of meat per week.
Only inferior meats, rejected by the veterinary such as horse meat or tuberculin infested
was permitted for this purpose. This meat was usually cooked into a soup.

"The clothing of the eastern workers was likewise completely inadequate. They worked
and slept in the same clothing in which they had arrived from the east. Virtually all of them
had no overcoats and were compelled, therefore, to use their blankets as coats in cold and rainy weather. In view of the shortage of shoes many workers were forced to go to work in their bare feet,
even in the winter. Wooden shoes were given to some of the workers, but their quality was such as to give the workers sore feet. Many workers preferred to go to work in their bare feet rather than
endure the suffering caused by the wooden shoes. Apart from the wooden shoes, no
clothing of any kind was issued to the workers until the latter part of 1943, when a single blue suit was issued to some of them. To my knowledge, this represented the sole issue of clothing to the workers from the time of their arrival until the American forces entered Essen.

"Sanitary conditions were exceedingly bad. At Kramerplatz, where approximately 1,200 eastern workers were crowded into the rooms of an old school, the sanitary conditions were atrocious in the extreme. Only 10 childrens' toilets were available for the 1,200 inhabitants. At Dechenschule,
15 childrens' toilets were available for the 400-500 eastern workers. Excretion contaminated the entire floors of these lavatories. There-were also few facilities for washing. The supply of bandages, medicine, surgical instruments, and other medical supplies at these camps was likewise altogether insufficient. As a consequence, only the very worst cases were treated.

"The percentage of eastern workers who were ill was twice as great as among the Germans. Tuberculosis was particularly widespread among the eastern workers. The T. B. rate among
them was 4 times the normal rate of (2 percent eastern workers, German .5 percent). At Dechenschule approximately 2 1/2 percent of the workers suffered from open T. B. These were all active T. B. cases. The Tartars and Kirghis suffered most; as soon as they were overcome by this disease they collapsed like flies. The cause was bad housing, the poor quality and insufficient quantity of food, overwork, and insufficient rest.

[NI05119]
Major Bruce H. Hupe
California State University.Fresno
Military Science-Sid Craig School of Business

[NI05123]
Student at :

Paris Photographic Institute : 1991-92

[NI05124]

Niagara Falls College staff.Niagara Falls On

Program Analyst.

[NI05127]

Activities director.
Wyoming Co,Nursing facility.
Warsaw,NY

[NI05128]

The UNH Police Department has offered this self-defense program free
of charge for the past five years to anyone who is interested. Nearby residents,
university staff and students have come to learn techniques from Brian Huppe,
a university police officer for the past seven years. Dec 1996.New Hampshire.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"I just thought it was really important to offer a class that showed women how to
protect themselves and let them know they have the means to do it," said Huppe,
who has a black belt in karate. "Women think that if a male attacks them, they're
helpless,but there are so many ways women can fight back and overpower
their attackers."

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Police searching for riot ringleaders
Friday, September 12, 1997


By ROBB SCHLOSSER
Staff Reporter

Students aren't saying much to police investigators trying to identify the instigators of
Sunday morning's mini-riot which involved 400 to 500 students.

"People are either afraid to come forward or they don't want to get their friends in
trouble," said Durham Police Officer Thomas Dronsfield, who, along with
UNH Police Officer Brian Huppe, is heading the investigation.

Pepper spray, a K-9 German shepherd and police from eight jurisdictions were brought
in by the Durham Police to control the crowd of party-goers, who were herded by police
from 37 Garrison Ave. to the intersection of Madbury Road and Garrison Avenue.

Police disperse crowds at the scene of the mini-riot early sunday morning.
Several students threw bottles and rocks at the officers, but neither police nor students
were hurt. Junior Patrick Harvey, 21, was arrested at the scene for throwing a rock at police.

Police have been tracking down names of students involved in the melee by looking at
photographs, newspapers and phone leads, said Dronsfield. Because of the chaos
surrounding the riot, police could not conduct inquiries immediately after the incident, he said.

Many students said the party-goers acted immature during the incident.

"[Students] showed a bit of irresponsibility," said freshman Dan Carpenter. "If they had
just let the police come in and break it up, everything would've been fine."

Freshman Marissa Dzima, who was a member of the gathering, had similar sentiments.

"I couldn't believe people were throwing stuff at the police," she said. "I think students acted disrespectfully."

Dzima's friend, freshman Jenny Morrison, said the whole incident was taken too far.

"I didn't think it was as big of a deal as people made it out to be," said Morrison, who
was also one of the revelers. "I think it was blown out of proportion."

Junior Erin Doherty said the bad press an event like the riot brings is a disturbing trend
at UNH.

"It seems like we have something like this at the beginning of every year," she said.
"Other people see the news and they make assumptions."

UNH President Joan Leitzel said she was "deeply troubled" by the incident in a press
release issued by the university Tuesday.

"We expect students to be civil and respectful in the community in which they live,"
said the president in the press release. ". . .Their dangerous behavior will not be
tolerated by this community and those responsible will be held accountable."

Anybody with information on the riot should call Huppe at 862-2450.

[NI05129]

August 22, 1997
Web posted at: 1:14 p.m. EDT (1714 GMT)

WASHINGTON (AP) -- Led by Harvard University and Princeton University,
which tied for No. 1, Ivy League schools accounted for three of the top five
spots in U.S. News and World Report's annual ranking of the best national universities.

Swarthmore College was the top liberal arts school for the second year in a row in
the ratings released Thursday.

The magazine issue and guidebook hits newsstands August 25. This is the 11th year
the magazine has ranked the nation's colleges.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"It's always nice to be highly ranked," said Harvard spokesman Alex Huppe.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"We're obviously very pleased," said Princeton spokeswoman
Mary Caffrey. But, she cautioned, "We always listen to these rankings with a grain
of salt, because we don't want to encourage any student to select a college based
solely on a magazine."

Last year's No. 1, Yale University, tied with Duke University for third place.
Stanford University, where first daughter Chelsea Clinton will be a freshman this year,
rounded out the top five in fifth place.

There were ties for nearly every place this year because of a change in methodology,
said magazine spokeswoman Colleen Connors. In past years, the magazine used schools'
raw scores in a number of categories. This year, schools' scores were rounded to
the nearest whole number. "That created more ties," Connors said.

U.S. News uses several statistical measures to rank the nation's universities and liberal
arts colleges. Their reputations -- based on a survey of college presidents, deans
and admissions officers -- count for 25 percent of the score. Other factors are selectivity,
15 percent; faculty resources, 20 percent; financial resources, 10 percent; retention,
20 percent; alumni giving, 5 percent; and a comparison between the number of
students expected to graduate with those who actually did, 5 percent.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

L.A. Times: Chelsea Clinton accepted at Harvard University

Harvard spokesperson Alex Huppe refused to confirm or deny the report about Chelsea's acceptance, citing the school's policy of not discussing such matters.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Huppe, who served as Dartmouth College news director for a decade before joining Harvard's team,
and public affairs officers from other universities attended the Ivy Plus News Directors meeting in New Haven this summer.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[NI05133]

Paul Huppe
Senior Systems Consultant
Geological Survey of Canada
601 Booth St.
Ottawa, Ontario
K1A 0E8
Phone: (613) 943-0996
FAX: (613) 996-8748
Email: huppe@gsc.emr.ca

[NI05136]

Polish Order of the Virtuti Militari
Recipients (1792-1992)


"The Polish Order of the Virtuti Militari was established in 1792
by King Stanislaw August Poniatowski to recognize and
reward outstanding military valor above and beyond the call of duty.
It is one of the oldest decorations for valor in the world. It
can be awarded to the same person in five different classes.
It can also be awarded to civilians in exceptional circumstances as
well as foreign military personnel for valorous service during a time of war."

"It is equivalent in stature to the U.S. Medal of Honor and the Brirtish Victoria Cross.
In addition to Poles who received the order, there were foreigners from the United States,
England, France, Japan, Italy, Belgium, Romania, Estonia, Yugoslavia,
Serbia and Latvia who have received it.

[NI13704] PWBA Field Office Press Release



PENSION AND WELFARE BENEFITS ADMINISTRATION

Contact: Chester J. Fultz 212-337-2319

For Release: Immediately July 30, 1999

CANADIAN CONVICTED OF EMBEZZLING RETIREMENT FUNDS
FROM MASSENA, NEW YORK, NURSING HOME

A federal jury in Watertown, New York, has reached a guilty verdict in the eight-day trial of a Canadian charged with embezzling from the pension plan of a Massena, New York, nursing home.

According to John McGlynn, regional inspector general for investigations of the U. S. Labor Department’s Office of the Inspector General, Allan Huppe, 40, of Oakville, Ontario, was found guilty of two counts of wire fraud and one count of embezzlement from an employee benefit plan. Huppe, charged with embezzling $750,000 from the retirement plan of the Highland Nursing Home in Massena, had been arrested in Buffalo August 20, 1998 as he attempted to enter the U.S. via the Peace Bridge from Canada.

McGlynn said the case involved transfers, of $350,000, then $400,000 of the retirement plan’s funds to banks in Canada and Bermuda, which Huppe and others later transferred to other banks and partnerships in Nigeria, Japan, and elsewhere. On repeated occasions, according to the August, 1998, indictment, Huppe provided written confirmation to the trustees of the retirement plan that deposit balances at his company, Navy Street Bancorp were in excess of $750,000 when in reality the funds had been disbursed. The indictment charges that Huppe used monies deposited from the retirement plan for various personal purposes.

The maximum penalty for the embezzlement and wire fraud violations is five years ' imprisonment. Sentencing is scheduled for November, 1999.

McGlynn praised the work done by Special Agent Louis Alessi and the Federal Bureau of Investigation, as well as the Labor Department’s Pension and Welfare Benefits Administration. The prosecution was led by Assistant U.S. Attorney Mike Olmstead in Syracuse.

[NI14820] President-Fondateur de l'union des policiers de Hull,Que.
Decore de la medaille de bravoure du Roi Georges.
Grand Chevalier/des chevaliers de Colomb conseil 1693,Hull,Que
Depute sergent d'Arme a la chambre des Communes a Ottawa.

[NI15347] Ordained May 16 1985.
Missionary among the Ojibway and Cree Indians of Northern On.

Victim of an airplane accident.

[NI15914] Mariage civil avec Vera-May Fortin declare nul et invalide.

[NI16623] Veterant 2e guerre.
employee par E.B Eddy
Chevalier de Colomb St Mary's Williamstown.

[NI18125]

Une "Panisse" ( Female Slave )
de
Hubert Lacroix

Le Treize Juillet mile sept cent cinquante sept
a ete inhume dans le cimetiere de l'hopital
le corp d'une jeune sauvagesse appartenant
a Hubert Lacroix age d'environ 15 ans.....

[NI19785] Henry left Germany to escape Catholicisim and concscription. He
stowed away in a barrel aboard ship. Came to America in 1866. He was an
early day Indian scout in northern CO, later settled on a farm sw of
Berthoud, CO.

[NI20355] San Diego,Cal,USA

Child Abduction Section

Help Us Find Abducted Children

[NI20809] Contre dans une filature a Ambleville en 1851.

[NI21059]

[NF1075] Married Oct 5 1945 Fort Rouge United.
Re-married Sep 5 1946 St Mary's