The Dictionary of Dates by Helen Rex Keller, The Macmillan Company, New York 1934
The Harper Encyclopedia of the Modern World edited by Richard B. Morris and Graham W. Irwin 1974
An Encyclopedia of World History by William L. Langer, 5^th Ed., Houghton, Mifflin Co., 1972
Historical Tables 58BC—AD 1978 by S. H. Steinberg, St. Martin's Press, New York 1964.
Kingdoms of Europe by Gene Gurney, Crown Publishers, New York 1982.
The Countries of The World by Robert Brown, M.A., Cassells & Co., Ltd., New York, ca. 1882
Chronicle of the World, D. K. Publishing, New York 1996, ISBN 0-7894-0334X

(GEOGRAPHY: Central [Equatorial]Africa #5 S,25 E, a Belgian Colony, the capital at Leopoldville)

1856: seven Arab traders reach Urua in the northern province of Katanga

1858: the Msiri set up a trading station for ivory, copper and slaves in Katanga.

02/14: Richard Burton and John Speke discover Lake Tanganyika, arriving at Ujiji as the first Europeans.

1860: the slave trade develops in the North and East Congo.

(GEOGRAPHY: north west of Albert Nyassa and Victoria Nyassa, near the headwaters of the Congo River and west of headwaters of the Nile, also west of the headwaters of the Bahr-el Ghazal)

1860: Italian explorers Miani and Antivori traveled along the banks of the Bahr-el-Ghazal and Dur Rivers into the Nile Valley (heading north and away from Nyam-Nyam).

1864: Miss AlexandrineTinne's expedition enters the Nyam-Nyam country from Jebel Kosango.

(GEOGRAPHY: eastern central Africa)

1857: 11/07: Richard Burton and John Speke arrive at Kaze from Zanzibar.

1858: John Speke leaves Kaze.

08/03: John Speke discovers Victoria Nyanza which he recognizes as the head reservoir of the White Nile and names it after the Queen of England.

1861: 01/24: John Speke and James Grant reach Kaze from Zanzibar.

02: John Speke and James Grant leave Kaze and reach Victoria Nyanza.

1862: 07/21: John Speke reaches the Nile at Urondog.

07/28: John Speke reaches and names Ripon Falls where the Nile River issues from Victoria Nyanza.

07/31: John Speke starts down the Nile River.

08: John Speke abandons the river because of hostile natives but follows alongside the Nile as far as possible.

11/19: John Speke and James Grant reach Karuma Falls (they are well north of Lake Victoria now)

12/03: John Speke and James Grant reach DeBono's ivory post.

1863: 01/13: John Speke and James Grant reach Paira and travel down the right bank of the Nile.

02/02: Sir Samuel Baker reaches the town of Gondoroko.

02/15: John Speke and James Grant arrive at Gondoroko where they meet Sir Samuel White Baker on his way up river, Baker obtains information and maps which lead to his discovery of Lake Albert Nyanza.

03/10: Miss Alexandrine Tinne reaches the limit of navigation of the , she has made an overland journey across the Bahr Jur and southwest to Jebel Kosango.

03/26: Sir Samuel Baker and his wife leave Gondoroko to follow the route of Speke and Grant to Unyoro and then they journey west

09/15: Captain John Speke accidently shoots himself when out hunting.

1864: 03/14: Sir Samuel White Baker discovers Lake Albert Nyanza and paddles up the lake to the Nile and up the Nile to Murchison's Falls, thence overland to Karuma Rapids and back to Gondokoro.

(mostly Bantu peoples)

(GEOGRAPHY: N.E. Africa on Gulf of Aden #10 N, 47 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Great Britain since ca. 1840)

(GEOGRAPHY: south of the tip of India, #12 S, 43 E;, an archipelago, #12 S, 43 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: the island of Mayotte was ceded to France by the treaty with the Sultan of 03/25/1841)

(GEOGRAPHY: N.E. Africa on Gulf of Aden #10 N, 47E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under France since ’58)

1858: the first French settlement in Obok after the voyage of Henri Lambert who was made French consular agent at Aden, to Zeila and Bay of Tajura.

1859: 06/04: Henri Lambert is murdered near Musha Islands as he embarked for Zeila.

10/13: the mission of Captain Russell, sent by Napoleon III, to the coast.

1862: 03/11:a treaty is signed with the Sultan of Tajura, and other Danakil chiefs, by which Obok and the adjoining country to the west is ceded to France.

(GEOGRAPHY: E. Africa, #1 N, 38 E Nairobi, a volcano)

(GEOGRAPHY: Indian Ocean, 240 miles E of Africa, #20S, 47E, 1000 miles by 260 miles, eparated from Africa by the Mozambique Channel 240+ miles broad with the 4 Comoro Islands between; the capital is at Antananarivo)

(LEADERS: Radama II ['61-'63]: Rasoherina, queen ['63-'68] –Radama a Christian who reopened Madagascar to Europeans and he is the son of Ranavalona I [queen of the Hovas, hostile to Europeans and missionaries], his successor Rasoherina persecuted Christians)

(MISCELLANEOUS: independent; Arabs here before the 9^th century, then Africans, but the bulk of the population is of Malayo-Polynesian and Melanesian stock, the people speak one language of many dialects; the Hova came in the 8^th-10^th century [of a light color, Mongoloid features] and dominated Madagascar by the early 19^th century; originally discovered by Diego Diaz of Portugel in 1500, then the French came in the late 17^th; Louisbourg founded on the Bay of Antongil in 1774)

1857: 06: a conspiracy against the Queen is frustrated.

1859: a treaty signed with France, the French sign further treaties in West Africa.

02/26: a convention was signed by which a number of Chiefs on West Coast including the Mahafales accept a French Protectorate, prior European influence was virtually nil.

08/10: another convention by which other Chiefs on the West Coast including the Sakalavas of the Feherena Province accept a French Protectorate.

1860: the von der Decken mission from Mombassa [#4.10 S, 39:40 E] on the coast to Mt. Kilimanjaro [#3 S, 37 E.]

1861: 08/23: Queen Ranavalna dies and is succeeded by her Christian son known as Radama II (he tries westernizing but is opposed by the governing elite.

1862: 09/12:a treaty with Great Britain and France is signed by the Hova government.

1863: 05: a revolution of the Hova aristocracy against the King's policies where they strangled him and his ministers; the Queen Rasoherina proclaimed sovereign.

11: disputes with the French.

(GEOGRAPHY: island in Indian Ocean, #20 S, 57:50 E; the capital is Port Louis; surrounded by ca. 60 islaets)

(MISCELLANEOUS: ceded to Great Britain in 1814)

(GEOGRAPHY: E. Africa #18 S, 35 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: Portuguese from Delagoa Bay and Lourenco Marques by a treaty with Great Britain in 1817)

1861: Livingstone ascends 30 miles up the Rovuma River, then, with the missionaries, goes up the Shire River to Chibisa's.

1862: Livingstone makes his second ascent of the Rovuma River in the "Lady Nyassa," about 156 miles.

(GEOGRAPHY: the African East coast from Cape Delgado [#10:30 S, 40:30 E] north to Cape Guadafui [#11:55 N, 51:15 E] and is the eastern most tip of Africa, ca 1000 miles of coast)

(MISCELLANEOUS: represented by a Sayyid [Viceroy] for the sultan Mejid; the capital was originally at Mombasa, later Zanzibar; slave traders)

1856: Sayyid Thuwaini succeeds Sayyid Said as Sultan of Oman and Muscat

1861: British pressure divides the dominions of the Sultan of Muscat;

1862: 03/10: Great Britain and France recognize the independence of the sultan of Zanzibar, though a slave trader.

(GEOGRAPHY: on the south and west shores of Lake Nyasa, S.E. Africa #13 S, 34 E,)

1859: 09/16: Livingstone arrives at the southern shore of Lake Nyasa, the first white man to see the lake.

1860: 11/23: Livingstone returnes to Tete (just south of the Lake Nyassa).

1861: 09/02: Livingstone sails into Lake Nyasa exploring the western coast.

(GEOGRAPHY: an island between East Africa and located opposite Aden)

1862: 03/11: purchased by France (Somaliland). for 10,000 Maria Theresa dollars.

(GEOGRAPHY: 420 miles E. of Madagascar #21 S, 55:30 E, volcanic mountains, fertile, chief port at St. Denis)

(under French rule since 1643)

(GEOGRAPHY: E. Africa, #6 S, 34 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: British territory)

1861: 11: John Speke and James Grant arrive at Krague (Karagwe).

1862: 01/16: John Speke and James Grant discover and cross the Kagera River.

(GEOGRAPHY: equatorial Africa #2N, 35 E;

(LEADERS: the kubaka of Mutesa [ruled from ‘56-‘84]; he wanted internal prosperity and political influence over his neighbors)

1860: an aborted rebellion of the indigenous Lozi against the conquering Kololo in Barotseland.

1862: John Speke and JamesGrant arrive at the palace of King Mtesa.

1864: Sebetwane’s successor dies and anarchy ensued.

(GEOGRAPHY: off the east coast of Africa [6 islands, Zanzibar ca. 55 miles long] #6 S, 39:20 E; opposite and over the 30 mile wide strait, Zanzibar Island is the route to Victoria Nyanza)

(MISCELLANEOUS: in 1832, Sayyid Said of Muscat used the city of Zanzibar as the capital of his dominion, he died in ’56 and his son Majuid succeeded & separated the island of Zanzibar from Muscat, confirmed by the award of Lord Canning, the Gov.-Gen. of India; the Indian population rose from 1,000 to 5,000 between 1840 and ’60)

1856: Sayyid Said dies in Zanzibar and is succeeded by Sayyid Majid.

12/21:Richard Burton and John Speke arrive from Bombay.

1859: Sayyid Majid signs a trade treaty with the Hanseatic towns of Germany.

1860: a French Catholic mission with two Holy Ghost fathers is planted; Rashid al-Mazrui, Wali of Gazi is frequently in rebellion against Zanzibar.

09: John Speke and James Grant arrive for their Lake Victoria-Nile expedition.

1861: the ‘Northern Arabs’ are expelled by the British.

1862: 03/10: by declaration Great Britain and France recognize Zanzibar independence; a party of United Methodist Free Churches heads for the interior.

1864: a Universities’ Mission to Central Africa heads for the interior.

(GEOGRAPHY: N.E. Africa #8 N, 40 E)

(LEADERS: Iij Kasa [b.ca.’20, ruled from 02/11/1855-1868] as the King of Kings (Negus Negyest) of Ethiopia as Tewodros II [Theodore] Christian, overthrew the prince of Tigre in 1855)

(MISCELLANEOUS: Theodore's capital at Magdala, not the ancient Gondor, polyglot population)

(GEOGRAPHY: few towns, cold season Oct.-Feb., hot season Mar. to mid-Jun., wet season from mid-Jun. to Sep.)

1859: Emperor Theodore reigns.

1860: 02: Walter Plowden (had joined the party of Theodore to aid in suppressing the his rebellious subordinates) is killed by the rebels, his friend Bell (also a volunteer) is killed soon after while trying to avenge him; Theodore overcomes the rebels and massacres about 150 prisoners as a sacrifice to the manes.

1861: ca 04: Sir Samuel Baker makes a preliminary exploring expedition of the Nile tributaries in the area.

1862: an Egyptian expedition sets out against the Ethiopian section of Abyssinia but is halted by a smallpox epidemic.

02/09: Captain Charles. D. Cameron is appointed to succeed Consul Plowden; arrives at Massowah;

05: Cameron goes to Abyssinia and is received by Theodore.

10/07: Emperor Theodore sends Cameron away with a letter for Queen Victoria proposing an alliance against the Muslims (Ottoman Turks) .

1863: 06: it is decided that this letter is not to be answered (refusal) by the Queen; Cameron is ordered by Earl Russell to remain at Massowah so he returns.

10: the Reverend H. Stern, a missionary, is beaten and imprisoned for an alleged intrusion upon Theodore.

12/12: a letter from Queen Victoria to Theodore arrives but does not address Theodore's requested alliance.

1864: 01/03: Cameron, all European traders and missionaries, and the British consul, are imprisoned at Magdala for the insult, Theodore is deeply offended by the lack of a response from Queen Victoria.

03/07: a report of the imprisonment reaches London.

07/24: Mr. Hormuzd Rassam, a Chaldee Christian and the 1^st assistant British political resident at Aden, is sent on a mission to Abyssinia, Lieutenant Prideaux and Dr. Blanc are to accompany him; he arrives at Massowah.

11: the prisoners sent to Magdala have been chained like criminals.

1865: Mr. Hormuz Rassam, first assistant British political resident, negotiates without effect; Tewodros (Theodore) II fails to capture the Amharic state of Shoa of King Menelik II.

(GEOGRAPHY: 9 volcanic islands, 800 miles from Portugual, 550 from Madeira; St. Michaels, Fayal, San Miguel, Terceira, SanJorge, Pico, Grasiosa, Flores, Santa Maria;)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Portugual; no natural vertabrates, lots of birds and insects)

(GEOGRAPHY: a group of 7 volcanic origin islands near NW coast of Africa #29 N, 16 W, the main islands are Teneriffe, Gran Canaria, Palma, Hierro [Ferro], Landzarotte, Gomera, Fuerteventura plus 6 uninhabited islands (Graciosa, Rocca, Allegranza, Santa Clara, Inferno, Lobos; in 1814 the fields of Fuerteventura were covered with locusts to a depth of 4 feet)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Spain, considered part of the province of Andalusia; originally inhabited by the Guanches but they are extinct)

(GEOGRAPHY: N.E. Africa, #26 N, 29E)

(LEADERS: Viceroy (Voli)Mohammed Said Pasha [1854-’63]: Viceroy Ismail ['63-1879]Viceroy Mohammed Said Pasha is the son of Viceroy Mohammed Ali [tried to suppress slavery, abandoned state ownership of land, ended monopolies and 1^st foreign loan]: Viceroy (Voli) Ismail,is the son of Viceroy Mohammed Said Pasha, lavish magnificence and enlightenement)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under the Ottoman Empire but semi-independent; railway from northern corner of the Arabian Desert to Suez at the head of the Red Sea is the only way across; export sugar and cotton, no industry)

1856: the Cairo-Alexandria railway (the first) is completed from Alexandria to Kafr al-Zayyat; a Frenchman, Ferdinand de Lesseps (b.1805) is granted the concession to build the Suez canal.;

1858: the Suez Canal company is formed and raised a loan of 200 million francs; the Alexandria-Kafr al Zayyat railroad is extended to Cairo.

1859: Port Said is founded;

04/25: the Suez Canal begins under Lesseps' direction despite vigorous opposition from Lord Palmerston who dislikes the French connection and believes there is a threat to India.

1860: the beginning of the Egyptian cotton boom of ‘60-’65.

1861: 03/21: Sir Samuel Baker arrives at Cairo to make preliminary explorations of the Abyssinian Nile tributaries.

04/19: a commercial treaty with Great Britain is signed.

05/27: the hereditary succession and the right of coining money is granted, but the tribute to the Ottoman Empire is raised from 400,000 livres to 750,000 livres.

11/01: the Malta to Alexandria telegraph is opened.

1862: an expedition is sent against the Ethiopian section of Abyssinia but is halted by a smallpox epidemic.

01/09: Alexandrine P. F. Tinne, the Dutch heiress and explorer, leaves Cairo for Khartoum.

12/18: Sir Samuel Baker starts up the Nile River.

1863: Mohammed Said dies and is succeeded by Ismail as khedive.

01: Ferdinand de Lesseps dies.

04/07: the Ottoman Sultan visits Egypt.

1864: 05: at the demand of the Sultan, the Viceroy sends troops to repress insurgents in Arabia.

1865: Massawah (Massowah) and the adjacent coast (Eritrea) fall under Egyptian control.

08/15: part of the Suez Canal. is opened.

(GEOGRAPHY: N.E. Africa #15:30 N, 32:30 E, the Blue Nile runs through the Soudan)

(MISCELLANEOUS: the capital is at Khartoum since ’30, the area is the converging point of many river and caravan routes, slave traders trade here who range as far as Lake Tanganyika)

1862: a Chamber of Commerce is set up in Khartoum;

ca 04: Alexandrine P. F. Tinne, the Dutch heiress, and her mother and aunt arrive at Khartoum from Cairo, they ascend the White Nile to a point above Gondokoro and explore a part of the Sobat.

06/11: Sir Samuel Baker arrives at Khartoum.

1863: 02: Miss Tinne's expedition leaves Khartoum for the Bahr-el-Ghazal (Gazelle River).

1865: Sir Samuel White Baker arrives back at Khartoum after extensive explorations.

(GEOGRAPHY: N. Africa #37 N, 5 E)

(LEADERS: Jacques Cesar Randon, Gov.-Gen. 1851-'58: Prince Napoleon of France '58-'60; Marshal Pelissier [b.1894], the Duke of Malakhoff '60-'64; the Duke of Magenta '64-1867)

(MISCELLANEOUS: the capital is at Algiers, French government ruled Oran, Algiers, and Constantine from here; the French invaded in 1830 to destroy the pirates, now under the military rule of France)

1856: Jacques Cesar Randon (b.’95) took his army through the Saharan centers of Laghouat, Wargla, Touggourt in successive years in response to resistance of Mohammed ibn-Abdullah.

1857: Jacques Randon, the Governor-General suppressed the revolt of the Rahmaniyya brotherhood and other Kabylians in Greater Kabylia around Dellys.

1858: the government is entrusted to Prince Napoleon who governed directly from France and removed the military areas temporarily from the Army Ministry and put them under the Ministry for Algeria and the Colonies.

10/31: Arab tribes attack the French as Banu Snassen (in Oran Province) attempts to unite several groups in Algeria and Morocco

1859: 11/06: the Arab tribes are defeated by the French General Martimprey.

1860: Henri Duveyrier explores down into the Tuareg country.

09: Algiers is visited by Napoleon III.

11/24: Marshal Pelissier is appointed Gov.-Gen.

1863: the senatus consultam of Napoleon III recognizes the inhabitants as owners of the land (Algerian Land Law) and as a protection to tribal lands, but this actually breaks up tribal organization and the Arabs remain hostile to the as village holdingsare dissolve and 20% of the best land goes to European (military colonists) settlers.

02: the Emperor promises a constitution securing the rights of the Arabs, saying;"I am as much Emporer of the Arabs as of the French."

04/23: a senatorial decree gives the Arab tribes the ownership of the lands they occupy.

1864: 05/22: the death of Marshal Pelissier, Governor-General.

05: an insurrection of the Arabs under Awlad Sidi Shaykh in southwest Oran, put down by French Gen. Martimprey

06: submission of the Arabs.

09/08: the Duke of Magenta (1864-67) succeeds Pelissier.

10/02: there are fresh revolts but the insurgents are defeated by French Gen. Jolivet.

1865: 05/03-27: the French Emperor is well received during his visit.

(GEOGRAPHY: North Africa #28 N, 20E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: ruled by a Bey, the capital is at Tripoli [Barbary is loosely applied to all of Africa north of the Sahara and west of Egypt])

1864: the German explorer and soldier Gerhard Rohlf startes from Tangier (#35:46 N, 5.52 W) and again visits Tafilet, and journeys across the central Sahara Desert to the oasis of Tuat [never before visited by a European] and returns by Ghadames to Tripoli.

(GEOGRAPHY: 360 miles from Morocco, includes the islands of Porto Santo and rocky Desertas; good climate, bare rocks, unfertile soil, thick woods.)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Portugual; exports wine)

(GEOGRAPHY: N.W. Africa #33 N, 5 W, rain on thecoast Oct.-Feb., S. of the Atlas range only one month of rain;)

(LEADERS: Sultan Mohammed Abd al-Rahman ruled [‘59-1873], of the dynasty of the Alides [Fileli])

(MISCELLANEOUS: independent; speak Arabic; speak Arabic; the Moors reject techonological progress, greed of money, main port Tangiers; slavery is mild.)

1856: the Tipper Tib trading with the Luba (south of Morocco, probably south of the Sahara Desert as well);

12: a commercial treaty is signed with Great Britain;

1859: 08/24: the boundaries of port of Melilla are established.

10/22: the Spaniards [who possess several places on the coast of Morocco including Cueta, Penon de Velez, etc], having suffered much annoyance from the Riff (Moorish) pirates, declare war on Morocco and after 2 battles, the bombardment of several ports and Tetuan occupied the Moors succumb so the treaty cedes Ifni to Spain as well as commercial concessions and a large war indemnity.

1860: another outbreak from the Moors against Spain and Spain gains Santa Cruz de Mar Pequena.

04/26: at the end of this war, a treaty with Spain enlarges her limits and the boundaries of Melilla are re-established.

06-08: Ceuta, and Melilla are made free ports; a Moorish ambassador (the first since the time of Charles II) visits London.

1861: 10/24: the British government gives guarantee for a loan of 426,000 livres to the Sultan to meet his engagements in Spain.

10/30: the boundaries of the port of Melilla are again established.

1861-1862: the German explorer F. G. Rohlf enters the Sahara desert disguised as a Mussulman and travels to Wad Draa, being the second European (R. Caille, the first) to visit the S. Moroccan oasis of Tafilet (#31 N, 4 W)

1862: the boundaries of the port of Melilla are once again established.

(GEOGRAPHY: NW Africa #24 N, 14 W,)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Spanish rule since 1476, interior not explored)

(GEOGRAPHY: N. Africa, #32:40 N, 13:25 E, mountainous)

(MISCELLANEOUS: speak Turkish, the old states of Fezzan and Barca; a vilayet of Turkey since 1552)

1859: Pasha al-Sayyid Mohammed ibn Ali al-Sanusi (b.’91) died, had founded the Sanusiyya brotherhood.

(GEOGRAPHY: group of islands 1/2 way [1500 miles] between Africa and South America #37:5 S, 12:10 W; 1300 miles south of St. Helena; 3 islands [Tristan da Cunha, Inaccessibe (18 miles) & Nightingale (20 miles)]

(MISCELLANEOUS: used by American sealers during the late 18^th century, 3 of whom settled here by 1811 but later abandoned the island; English first occupied it in 1817 and it was annexed to Cape Colony on 08/14/1816; discovered by the Portuguese ca. 1580)

1857: a chaplain (Rev. Mr. Taylor) who was sent by the Society for the Propogation of the Gospel leaves the island and recommends abandonment; 47 settlers [mostly you ng women] deserted for Cape Colony;

1865: the population is about 87 people.

(Umar ibn Said Tal [b.1797]: his son Amada Seka succeeded him; Umar ibn Said Tal is a supporter of and is supported by the Tijaniyya religious brotherhood, a sect of Sufism; Umar declared the jihad in 1852)

1857: Al-Hajj Umar beseiges the French fort of Medine (built 1855) on the Senegal River.

1861: Al-Hajj Umar ibn Said Tal captures and destroys the Bambara kingdom of Segu in his jihad.

1862: Al-Hajj Umar ibn Said Tal captures the Peul kingdom of Masina but is weakened by the struggle and is soon besieged in Hamdullahi but escapes south to Bandjagara.

1864: Al-Hajj Umar ibn Said Tal (at 70 years) is killed trying to break out of Hamdullaki (Bandijagara?) (in Massina) where he was beseiged by Fulani and Tuareg rebels.

(GEOGRAPHY: N. Africa, #35 N, 10 E)

(LEADERS: leader hereditary in the family of Hamuda Pasha, the Hussein dynasty; Bey Mohamed-es-Sadok '59-??)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under the Ottoman Turks since 1575 but now only nominally, speak Turkish but mostly Arabs and Berbers, a regency under a Bey)

1856: 07/18: the Bey agrees to make constitutional reforms.

1857: France supports internal reforms but does so mostly on paper.

09/10: the Bey of Tunis grants a charter declaring equal treatment of Moslems and Jews.

1859: 09/22: the Bey dies so his brother (Mohamed-es-Sadok) becomes the successor who takes the oath of fidelity to the constitution.

1861: France continues to support internal reforms but still mostly on paper.

1864: 04/18: insurrections and revolts break out due to French demands for more taxes.

05: Europeans ships of war are sent to protect European colonists.

(tribes: Bushmen, Hottentots, Kaffirs, Basuto, Batalpin, Koranas;)

(GEOGRAPHY: S. Africa, #28 S, 28 E, rugged plateau area; best agricultural country in South Africa)

(MISCELLANEOUS: a native state under British protection since 1843; the Basuto's great hero was Moshesh ca. 1840)

(GEOGRAPHY: S. Africa, #33 S, 24 E)

(LEADERS: Gov. Sir George Grey [1854-'61]; Grey protected the natives so he could civilize them)

(MISCELLANEOUS: the capital is at Cape Town; under Great Britain since 09/16/1795; ceded to Great Britain in 1815; settled as a ship refresher by the Dutch in 1652; the neighbors are Bushmen and Hottentots; French Huguenot settlers in 1690; the Orang River was reached in 1760 and the Great Fish River in 1776; the Graaff Reinet was founded in 1786; still mostly Dutch; 1/6t^h of the newspers in Netherlandish; lots of sheep)

1856: the Kaffirs are much excited by a prophet named Umba-kaza but by the exertions of Gov. Sir George Gregory tranquility is maintained.

1860: ca.12: the 1^st railway[from Cape Town about 58 miles long] is opened; the Cape Parliament demands secession from Great Britain.

1863-1865: disputes arise between the bishops of Cape Town and Natal.

1864: the Cape Town railway is extended to Wellington.

(GEOGRAPHY: S. Africa, 22 S, 18 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Germany)

1863: war between the Hereros and Namaquas begins.

(GEOGRAPHY: S. Africa #28 S, 31 E)

(LEADERS: Sir George Grey, Governor [1854-'61]: Sir Philip Wodehouse, Governor ['62-1870])

(MISCELLANEOUS: annexed to Cape Colony in 1844 (to 1856); sugar plantations; Port Natal the harbor; unhappy with cessation of slavery in Cape Colony many migrated north to here, the Orange Free State and the Transvaal in 1837)

1856: settled German immigrants in British Kaffraria.

01-07/12: Sir George Grey, Gov. since 1854.

07/12: (or 05/07 or 08) Natal created as a separate Crown Colony with a Legislative Council of 16 members, 12 elected and 4 nominated by the Crown.

1858: Sir George Grey is Gov..

02/03: Order in Council defined Natal's boundaries.

06/05: the boundaries of Naples set by Order in Council are proclaimed.

1860: Sir George Grey, Gov., is eager to extend the frontier; the first Indian coolies arrive to work the sugar plantation under a 3-year indenture but are allowed to settle in the country on expiration of their contracts; Gov. Grey persuaded Adam Kok to surrender the Philippolis lands to the Orange Free State and accept instead Nomansland (Griqualand East).

1861: this is Sir George Grey’s last year as governor after which he went to New Zealand but not until he protested the Transvaal’s annexation of a strip of Zulu land along the Blood River.

1862: Bishop Calenso publishes a book on the Pentateuch; Sir Philip Wodehouse is named Governor (‘62-’70).

1863: Sir Philip Wodehouse is Governor.

12/09: Nomans land annexed.

1864: Bishop Calenso is deposed by the Bishop of Capetown because of his views in a book published in '62 on the Pentateuch; Wodehouse abandons the Transkei lands and British Kaffraria which is annexed to the Cape Colony.

1865: 03/21: the Privy Council declares that deposition of Bishop Colenso by a colonial bishop is null and void.

(GEOGRAPHY: S. Africa, #28 S, 28 E, no wood, little water)

(LEADERS: President Andries Pretorious ['57]: President Boshof [to'59]: Acting President E. R. Snyman ['59]: President J. J. Ventner ['59-'60]: President Marthinus Pretorius ['60-''63]: President J. J. Ventner ['63]: President Jan Hendrick Brand ['63-1888])

(MISCELLANEOUS: when unhappy with the cessation of slavery in the Cape Colony many migrated north to here, Natal, and the Transvaal in 1837; independent since 1854; Dutch population; the capital is Blomfonteand is where the Volksraad assembles)

1857: 01: an armed raid by President Pretorius from the Transvaal is not successful.

08/01: a Peace Treaty with the South West Africa (Transvaal) is signed, each State recognizes the independence of the other.

1858: 02: an armed bands of Basutos seizes Free State farms and destroys buildings and orchards.

03/19: a declaration of war against Moshesh who refuses redress of grievances and the unsuccessful campaign against the Basutos causes the Orange Free State to lose the war.

09/29: a Treaty of Peace is signed with Moshesh at Aliwal North with cession of territory by the Free State.

11/19: a proposal of Sir George Grey for a union of Cape Colony, Natal, and the Orange Free State which was not approved by the Imperial Government in England.

1859: the wars with the Basutos end.

02: the resignation of President Boshof is not accepted.

06/25: the final resignation of President Boshof with E. R. Snyman being appointed Acting President.

10/08: the district of Bethulie is ceded by Chief Lepui.

12/15: J. J. Venter elected President.

1860: 02/08: Marthinus Wessel Pretorius, son of Commandant General Andries Pretorius, is elected President but he has to obtain a leave of absence from the Transvaal where he was also President.

1861: 12/26: a treaty is made by Adam Kok by which he cedes his lands to the Free State for L4,000 and he removes to East Griqualand, this cession becomes the District of Philippolis.

1862: 06/19: the Bloemfontein Bank is established.

1863: copper is first mined successfully at the Ookien mine in Little Namaqua Land.

04/15: the resignation of President Pretorius.

06/20: J. J. Venter becomes acting President.

11/05: Jan Hendrick Brand elected President.

1864: 02/02: President Jan Hendrick Brand assumes office (serves until 1888).

10/28: a decision is made by Sir Philip Wodehouse, in conference with representatives of the Free State and Moshesh, in favor of the Free State boundary as laid down by Sir Harry Smith.

1865: 06/09: a declaration of war on Moshesh to enforce the award.

(GEOGRAPHY: an island in the straits of Aden, between East Africa and Asia, #12:38 N, 43:25 E, volcanic table land with an excellent harbor)

(MISCELLANEOUS: first president Marthinius Pretorius ('57)

1857: annexed by Great Britain (but used since 1799); militarily strategic.

(GEOGRAPHY: S. Africa, #24 S, 30 E; dry Mar. or Apr. to Oct., wet during the summer of Nov. to Feb., large quantities of coal.)

(LEADERS: President Marthinius Pretorius '[('56)'57-59]; J. C. van Rensburg ['63], Marthinius Pretorius ['63-])

(MISCELLANEOUS: the capital at Pretoria (founded in 1855), west and north Transvaal refused to join the South African Republic; a little town established in 1841; under Great Britain since 1848 to protect it from a proposed Zulu war; essentially Dutch [the Boers] unhappy with the cessation of slavery in Cape Colony and who migrate north to here, with the Orange Free State and Natal in 1837; few roads; )

1856: an apprentice law provides penalties for traffic in apprentices, as practiced it is virtual slavery.

10: Xhosaland, the cattle of the local Kaffirs are slain by them in the belief (the vision of a 16-year-old named Nonqquause, the niece of the Xhosa chief) that the hold heroes will return and drive out the white men but 2/3s die of starvation and it ends the Kaffir problem for the whites;

12/16: after years of confusion, representatives of the districts of Patchefstroom, Rustenburg, and Pretoria meet in special assembly and adopt a constitution for a central government, a national flag for the South African Republic (the Transvaal) and is organized under Marthinius Pretorius and Paul Kruger, but dissenters maintained separate state organizations in Zoutpansberg, Lydenburg and Utrecht.

12/17: a meeting of the old Volksraad to repudiate the South African Republic "Potchefstroom" constitution of Pretorius and Paul Kruger and establish the Republic of Lydenburg of the districts of Lydenburg, Utrecht, and Zoutpansburg.

1857: 01/06: Marthinius Pretorius inaugurated first President of the South African Republic formally constituted.

01: President Pretorius mounts an armed raid into Orange Free State to force its union with the South African Republic but it fails and peace is made by Paul Kruger; 06/01: the Peace Treaty with the Orange Free State is signed, each recognizing the independence of the other.

1858: Basuto, Batalpin, Bushmen and Koranas invade; Sir George Grey recognizes a federation of the colonies including the Orange Free State, but not the South African Republic, but such recognition was repudiated by the home government in England.

09/29: the treaty of Alival North wherein the Basuto boundary is redrawn.

1859: Marthinus Pretorius accepts the presidency of the Orange Free State and resigns his Transvaal presidency.

1860: 01: Zoutpansburg joined the South African Republic (with Lydenburg and Utrecht united as 1 state).

02/06: M. Pretorius, receiving leave of absence as President of the Republic, takes office as President of the Orange Free State.

04/04: the union of Zoutpansburg, Lydenburg and Utrecht with the South African Republic is signed at Pretoria.

1861: the Zulu king, Cetewayo, cedes a strip of land along the Blood River; Great Britain occupies islands in Delagoa Bay to keep the harbor out of the hands of the South African Republic, Natal protests, but Great Britain claims a prior right.

1863: 04/15: M. Pretorius ends term as President of Orange Free State.

10: election of W. J. C. van Rensburg as President resulted in armed resistance by Pretorius' party to the "disputed election" and a new election which Pretorius is again elected.

1864: 05/10: Pretorious assumes office as President.

1856: East Transvaal and North Transvaal refused to join West Transvaal as the South African Republic

(GEOGRAPHY: southwest coast of Africa, south of the Cunene River and North of Cape Colony)

(MISCELLANEOUS: originally frequented by whalers)

1859: K. J. Anderson reaches and explores the Okovango River (probably in this area).

1861: Thomas Baines joins the Chapman expedition making a journey from Walvis (Walvisch) Bay to Lake Ngame and Victoria Falls (nearby to Lake Ngame).

(GEOGRAPHY: southeast Africa up into south of the middle; its major tributary, the Shire, opens into Lake Nyanza; the Zambesi navigable by streams up to the cataracts of the Shire)

1856: 01/14: Livingstone reaches the confluence of the Loangwa and the Zambesi [ca. #18:30 S, 36 E].

01/15: Livingstone reaches the Zumbo.

03/02: Livingstone reaches the Portuguese settlement of Tete and he descends Zambesi to the Mazaro and then travels overland to the Kwa Kwa River and descends that stream.

03/22: Livingstone reaches Quelimane, on the coast.

1858: 05/14: Livingstone reaches the mouth of the Zambesi River after ascending the river from the KongoneRiver mouth in a steam launch.

09/08: Livingstone reaches Tete and from there explores the Zambesi River, especially the Kebrabasa rapids.

1860: 03/15: Livingstone starts up the Zambesi River Sheshte.

12: the "Universities Mission to east central Africa," consisting of Charles F. Mackenzie [bishop of central Africa] and six clergymen and others travel up the Zambesi River.

1861: 02: the "Universities Mission" arrives at the Zambesi River; all die from privations and disease except two, who returns in '64;

1862: 01/31: the bishop of the "Universities Mission to east central Africa dies and is succeeded by Dr. Tozer.

04/27: the death of Mrs. David Livingstone from fever at Shupanga (near the mouth of the Zambesi River).

1864: the Lozi (of the upper Zambesi River flood-plain) revolt against the rule of the Kotolo (migrants from the South).

(GEOGRAPHY: SE Africa, #28 S, 31 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: ceded to Great Britain on 10/05/1843, the capital is Eshowe; under warrior chiefs who are continually attempting to extend their bounds)

(GEOGRAPHY: W. Africa #8 N, 2 W)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under the British, capital of Coomassie)

(GEOGRAPHY: CA #10 N, 8 E; high peaks; with 4 volcanic islands off the coast [Fernando Po with Clarence Harbor, Ilha da Princa [or Prince's Island], San Tome [or Saint Thomas], and Annobon)

(MISCELLANEOUS: the islands were once slave trading centers)

1858: Alfred Sakar (of the English Baptist Ministry Society) establishes a settlement on Ambas Bay which he names Victoria.

1860: Woermann and Company (Hamburg merchants and traders) establish the first German trade factory in the estuary on the coast.

1861: 03: Richard Burton is appointed Consul at Fernando Po isle and explores the Cameroon mountains.

(GEOGRAPHY: off W cape of Africa, #17 N, 24:30 W)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Portugal)

(GEOGRAPHY: W. Africa, # 9 N, 2 E, a strip between the Gold Coast and Lagos)

(MISCELLANEOUS: the capital is in the interior at Abomey; the traders' town of Whydah is on the coast; the French got a footing on the west coast in 1851 and are extending their power)

1863: 02/25: French Protectorate Treaty over the kingdom of Porto Novo (and the French settlement on the coast) is signed.

1863-1864: the official mission from England of Richard Burton to the King of Dahomey.

(GEOGRAPHY: W.Africa, # 4S, 17 E, [comprised of 4 colonies: Gabun (Ogowe River), Middle Congo (Congo River), Ubangi-Shari, Chad Territory])

(MISCELLANEOUS: the French acquisition began on the Gabun River in 1841, Libreville founded in 1849.)

1857-'59: the explorations of Paul du Chaille (Franco-American) in the region of the Gabun and Ogowe Rivers.

1860: 08/04: a decree established the Government of Ivory Coast and Gabun at Gabun.

1862: Cape Lopez is gained and possessions are extended along the coast for about 200 miles.

1863: on his second expedition, Du Chailhu arrived at the mouth of the Ogowe River (returning in '65 with additional knowledge of the geography of West Africa he will travel from Gabun to the Kombo Riverand discover a pigmy tribe.

1864: Richard Burton is in the area on an official British mission to the King of Dahomey.

(GEOGRAPHY: W. Africa, #11 N, 12 W)

1857: 01/01: Dr. Barkie receives a contract with the French Admiralty to place a steamer on the Niger river for trade and passengers in return for an annual subsidy.

07: an expedition commanded by Dr. Barkie (with Lieutenant John Glover) enters the Niger and establishes three trading stations at Abo, Onitsha, and Gbebe (Laird’s Town-- named for Macgregor Laird).

1858: 06/30: Laird’s steamer the "Sunbeam" reaches the Niger.

09: Laird’s steamer the "Rainbow" reaches the Niger.

1859: 04/21: a treaty with native chiefs of the Rio Pongo by which lands are ceded including the Circle of Boffa.

1863: 11/25-05/06/'66: an expedition of Lieutenant Mage and Dr. Quintin explors the Niger country.

1864: ex-slave Samuel Crowthe is the first black African Anglican Bishop of the Niger River area.

(GEOGRAPHY: western Africa #13 N, 5 W)

1857: 04/20-07/18: the siege of Medine by Arabs (led by Omar al-Haji) with a heroic defense by Paul Holle.

1863: 11/25: a French mission to the Niger country led by Lieutenant E. Mage and Dr. Quintin is sent by Governor Faidherbe of Senegal to join Upper Senegal and Upper Niger.

1864: 01/18: the French mission to the Niger country reaches Kita.

02/28-05/05/1866: the French mission of Lieutenant Mage & Dr. Quintin is forcibly held at Segu, the capital of Ahmadu (a son of Omar al-Haji)

(GEOGRAPHY: (W. Africa, #18:30, 16 W, Gambia River; Saint Marie is an island at the mouth of the Gambia River, pestilential climate, poor area)

(MISCELLANEOUS: an:independent British Crown Colony from 1843 [1^st settled 1588], controlled from Sierra Leone; very few whites aka "black man's paradixe",)

1857: 03/07: a convention by which the French cede Albreda giving the British full control of the Gambia River.

(GEOGRAPHY: W. Africa, #6 N, 1 W, on Gulf of Guinea, Volta River; the tsetse fly kills horses and cattle; damp and hot, "coast fever")

(MISCELLANEOUS: jointly under the Netherlands and Great Britain with its capital at Cape Coast Castle; Elmina, Accra (Dutch headquarters),Axim, Dixcove; major tribes are the Tshi (black) and Accra (red) negroes; the Moravian missionares settled in 1736 and the Wesleyans 1836)

1860-1862: Ijaye War between the Ibadans and Egba of Abeokuta.

1863: the upset of the Ashanti.

(GEOGRAPHY: W. Africa #8 N, 5 W)

(MISCELLANEOUS: the Five and Six Stripes name is given after after the cotton fabrics favored by the natives; the old French posts of Assinie and Grand Bassam were founded for the slave trade;)

1860: 08/04: a decree for the administration of trade settlements from Gabun.

(GEOGRAPHY: #6:30 N, 3:20 E, an island off W. Africa [across from Nigeria] at the mouth of the Lagos River)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Great Britain, includes the settlements of Badagry, Lagos Island, Palms, Leekie)

1861: 08/06: King Docemo (son and successor of Akitoye) signs a treaty ceding his lands on the coast and the island of Lagos to the British for commercial improvement and the occupation is proclaimed as a British Protectorate; also the end of the slave trade from this area;

1863: 06/27: a protectorate treaty over Addo is signed.

06/29: a protectorate treaty over Pocrah is signed.

07/04: a protectorate treaty over Okeodan is signed.

07/07: the cession of Badagry occurs.

(GEOGRAPHY: W. Africa #7 N, 10 W)

(LEADERS: President J. J. Roberts [1847-'64]: Daniel B. Warner ['64-??]; they both suppress the slave trade; Pres. Roberts is an able statesman)

(MISCELLANEOUS: the capital is at Monrovia on the peninsula of Cape Mesurado, few other villages; an settlements from 1822 by American philanthropists for freed slaves; from 07/26/47 it constituted the Free and Independent Republic of Liberia; export coffee).

1857: 02/19: the annexation of Maryland takes place.

1862: 06/03: its independence is recognized by the U. S. (last great power to do so);

1864: Daniel B. Warner elected president.

(GEOGRAPHY: Western Africa #19 N, 9W)

(MISCELLANEOUS: independent)

1860: 03-06: the expedition of Major Vincent from Mauretania to explore the Adrar region.

12/09: the Mage mission leaves Bakel.

12/23: the expedition of Lieutenant Mage arrives in Bakar country.

1861: 01/22: the Mage mission arrives at Matam (Mata).

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Portuguese rule, contested by Great Britain)

(GEOGRAPHY: S.W. Africa, #12 S, 17 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under the Portuguese since 1575, the provinces of Ambriz, Loanda, Benguela [once a great slave port], Mossamedes [almost rainless])

(GEOGRAPHY: 200 miles W. of Africa, S. Atlantic, #16 S, 5:40 W)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Great Britain since 1834)

(GEOGRAPHY: #20 N, 6:50 E ; an island off the coast of W. Africa beyond the Gulf of Guinea about 1100 miles from Africa & 1800 miles from South America, the nearest land being the Island of Ascension at 850 miles; entirely volcanic; 10.5 miles by 6 miles)

(MISCELLANEOUS: the capital is at Jamestown; St. Thomas and Principe [Principe] Islands have been under Portugal since Juan de Nova Castella discovered them on St. Helena's Day 1501; with Portuguese until 1588; the Dutch were its 1^st colonists and they held it until 1673 when it was captured by the English; under the British Colonial office since 1833)

(GEOGRAPHY: N. Africa #15 N, 14 W)

(LEADERS: Governor General Louis Leon Cesar Faidherbe [b.1818] appointed [1854-'65]

(MISCELLANEOUS: Gov. Gen. Louis Faidherbe made successful campaigns against El Hajj Omar (a powerful Tukulor chieftain) and drove him to the upper Niger)

1856: annexation of country of Walo (Oualo) by General Faidherbe.

1857: 03/07: a convention by which Albreda, on the Gambia River, is ceded to the English.

04/20-06/15: an attack on Fort Medine by Arabs led by Omar al-Haji is repulsed by Paul Holle.

05/25: the French take possession of Dakar.

1858: 08/18:a treaty cedes Bambouk.

1861: 02/01: a treaty by which the French and Gov. Gen. Faidherbe come to terms with al-Haij Umar and depose the uncooperative rulers of the coastal states, secure trade routes, build several forts and accept cession of Cayor.

1862: 02/02: the treaty by which Cayor was ceded to the French is renewed.

03: a treaty of commerce is signed with the Ottoman Empire.

1863: Gov. Gen. Faidherbe is elected to a second term.

11/25 (to 05/1866): exploration of the Niger country by Lieutenant Mage and Dr. (Lt.) Quintin, the making of treaties with the natives and construction of posts; King William Dappa Pepple of Bonny (a local ruler) in the Oil Rivers Niger Delta agrees to suppress the illegal slave trade.

12/04: the treaty by which Cayor was ceded to the French is renewed and is followed by other treaties (conquest of the area is not completed until 1886).

1864: El Hajj Omar dies and his sons, who succeed, enter into dynastic wars.

(GEOGRAPHY: W. Africa, #8 N, 12 W; May to Nov. are epidemic months)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Great Britain, separated from the Gold Coast in 1850; its capital is at Freetown, few whites, mostly negroes; inland is the unknown Mandingo Negro country)

1862: 02/01: the Quiah (Koy) country is annexed; Sherboro Island is ceded by the native chiefs;

1863: 05/27: a new Charter creates an Executive Council. followed by the first elections to that council.

1864: 11/30: the death of Dr. W. B. Barkie.

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Spanish rule from 1778 with a governor)

(GEOGRAPHY: W. Africa #8 N, 0:30 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: belongs to the Brandenburg Germans)