The Dictionary of Dates by Helen Rex Keller, The Macmillan Company, New York 1934
The Harper Encyclopedia of the Modern World edited by Richard B. Morris and Graham W. Irwin 1974
An Encyclopedia of World History by William L. Langer, 5^th Ed., Houghton, Mifflin Co., 1972
Historical Tables 58BC—AD 1978 by S. H. Steinberg, St. Martin's Press, New York 1964.
Kingdoms of Europe by Gene Gurney, Crown Publishers, New York 1982.
The Countries of The World by Robert Brown, M.A., Cassells & Co., Ltd., New York, ca. 1882
Chronicle of the World, D. K. Publishing, New York 1996, ISBN 0-7894-0334X

(Asia population in 1850 741,000,000, Oceana population in 1850 2,000,000)

(GEOGRAPHY: #33 N, 65 E)

(LEADERS: Ameer, Dost Mohammed [1842-'63]: Shere Ali Khan ['63-??]; he was on the throne in 1835-'39 and re-established his power); Shere Ali Khan is the third son of Dost Mohammed)

1856: 10: the Persians seize Herat (on the death of the local ruler) in violation of the Treaty of Peshawar of 1855.

1857: 01/26: Dost Mohammed signed the Second Anglo-Afghan Treaty (confirming the the treaty of 1855) in which the British are to aid Afghanistan if she is attacked and the Afghans are to allow British officers in; the Afghans remain amiable to the British for the next five years.

03/04: the Treaty of Paris, between Great Britain and Persia, forces Persia out of Herat and the Shah of Persia recognizes the independence of Afghanistan;

1863: Dost Mohammed takes Herat after a 10-month siege and enters the city (driving out the khan set up after the Persian evacuation in '57) and re-establishes the boundaries of his kingdom; this upsets the British.

05: Dost Mohammed dies leaving 16 sons.

06/09: Dost Mohammed’s son Shere Ali Khan, the third son succeeds to the throne and is recognized by the British though he is having a hard time with his 15 brothers who much oppose (especially by Ufzul the eldest & his son Abdul-Rahman), Azim, Ameen & Shureef) Shere Ali, and though they recognize him as Dost Mohammed’s successor yet Civil War breaks out.

1864: 05/16: the unsuccessful insurrection of Ufzul and Azim; Azim flees to British territories.

06/02: Ufzul is reconciled to Shere Ali.

08: an insurrection of Abdul-Rahman, Ufzul is imprisoned.

11/14: Shere Ali enters the city of Kabul.

1864-1865: Shere Alie suffers serious revolts by his other brothers.

1865: 06/14: Azim and his confederates are defeated at Kujhboz (near Khelat-I-Ghilzye) by Shere Ali (whose gallant son is killed).

06/06: Shere Ali enters Candahor.

(GEOGRAPHY: island E. of S. India, #8 Nm 80E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: ceded to Great Britain in ’02)

1856: #1 export is tea (‘56-’65)

1860s: an increase in road construction and government sponsored irrigation is in effect; the public works are extended to the neglected northern and eastern parts of the island; cotton boom begins [‘60-’65].

(GEOGRAPHY: at mouth of Ganges River in India, #22:55N, 88:20 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: a French colony in Bengal, India, ceded by Great Britain in 1815)

(GEOGRAPHY: on the W. coast of India, 100 miles N. of Bombay, #20:25 N, 72:45 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: Portuguese colony)

(GEOGRAPHY: small island off the coast of W. India, N. of Bombay,140 miles W. of Damao, #20:40 N, 71 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: a port island of Bombay India, Portuguese)

(GEOGRAPHY: on the sub-continent of India, S. Asia, #20N, 78 E)

(LEADERS: Lord Dalhousie governor-general [1848-'56]: Lord Canning, governor-general ['56-'58]: Dalhousie built public roads, irrigation canals, railroads, telegraph [from Calcutta to Agra])

1856: the General Services Enlistment Act requires recruits to serve wherever needed, this causes caste and religious resentment in the Indian army; Sayyid Thuwaini succeeds Sayyid Said as Sultan of Oman and Muscat; Viscount (later Earl) Canning, Gov.-Gen. of India (until 1858 when he becomes Viceroy); Nana Sahib, a natural leader, is stirring trouble at Cownpore; a sharp rise in the construction of roads and irrigation channels, the postal system is reformed, construction begun on telegraph and railway networks, and a general education policy is adopted; the Presidency Banks of Bengal, Bombay and Madras are opened and are, to a limited extent, government run; the #1 export is tea;

02/07: the northern kingdom of Oude (aka Avadh, Awad) is annexed because of misgovernment and is resented by the 40,000 Avadhi sepoys in the Bengal army.

05: an insurrection of the Sonthals is only finally suppressed.

1857: the Sepoy Mutiny involves the army of the Bengal Presidency (128,000 men, mostly high caste Brahmans and Rajputs, and 23,000 Europeans because discipline is lax, new cartridges are encased in pig and cow grease) while the armies of Madras and Bombay are hardly affected; University colleges in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras are opened but with a literary curriculum; rebellion breaks out in northern India.

01: on the introduction of the improved (Enfield) musket in the Indian army, greased cartridges had been brought from England. These were objected to by the native soldiers, and the issue of them was immediately discontinued by orders in January but a mutinous spirit gradually arose in the Bengal army.

03: mutinies in the Bengal army: at Barrackpore, etc., several regiments are disbanded, followed by others, until the army has lost by disbandonment and desertion, about 30,000 men.

04/05, a sepoy is executed.

04/20, a jemadar, or antive lieutenant, is executed.

04: 85 of the 3^rd Bengal cavalry at Meerut refuse to use their cartridges.

05/09: the 85 men of the 3^rd Bengal cavalry are committed to jail.

05/10: Sunday, sepoys in Meerut (near Delhi) mutiny, the native troops break out and fire on their officers, killing Colonel Finnis and others, then release their comrades, massacre many Europeans and fire public buildings and when the European troops rally and drive them from the cantonments, the mutineers flee to and are joined by Indian forces.

05/11: the mutineers seize the city of Delhi and commit dreadful outrages before restoring the 82-year-old emperor Bahadur Shah II to the throne; this outbreak is followed by mutinies in Rajputana, Gwalior, Cawnpore, and the United Provinces.

05/11-12: the mutineers proclaim the King of Elhi Emperor.

05/12: three native regiments are disbanded at Lahore by the energy of Mr. Montgomery and Brigadier Corbett, who save the Punjab.

05: martial law is proclaimed by the British Lieutenant-Governor, J. R. Colvin; at the end of the month, 34 regiments are lost.

05/27: British troops under General Anson advance on Delhi and begin a seige; General Anson dies.

05/30: a mutiny breaks out at Lucknow.

06/03: Neil suppresses the mutiny at Benares.

06/04: Neil recovers Allahabad.

06: mutiny spreads throughout Bengal with the commission of fearful atrocities.

06/11: native troops disband at Mooltan, which is saved.

06/14: the ex-King of Oude is arrested.

06/26: Sir Hugh Wheeler (b.1789) accepts a safe conduct promise from Nana Sahib for women, children and soldiers.

06/28: Cawnpore (under Wheeler) surrenders to Nana Sahib.

07/01: a siege of the residency at Lucknow is commenced by the rebels.

07/04: Sir Henry Lawrence dies of his wounds at Lucknow.

07/05: Sir H. Barnard (commanding before Delhi) dies of cholera and is succeeded by General Reed.

07/11: Sir Colin Campbell (afterwards Lord Clyde) is appointed commander-in-chief.

07/12: General Nicholson destroys a large body of rebels at Sealcote.

07/15: the massacre of 211 British women and children at Cawnpore by Nana Sahib.

07/16: Nana Sahib is defeated by General Havelock.

07/17: Havelock recaptures Cawnpore.

07/18: a mutiny is suppressed at Hyderabad.

07/20: a mutiny is suppressed at Lahore.

07/22: General Reed retires and Sir Archdale Wilson takes command before Dehli.

07/25: a revolt at Dinapore: the British are repulsed with severe loss at Arrah.

07/31: Lord Canning’s so-called "clemency" proclamation.

08/15: a victory for Neill at Pandoo Nuddee.

09/14: an assault of Delhi by John Lawrence.

09/20: Delhi taken with the aid of the neutrality of the Afghans and the loyalty of the Sikhs.

09/21: the King of Delhi (emperor) is captured and the city sacked and the inhabitants massacred by the British.

09/22; the King’s son and grandson are slain by Col. Hodson.

09/16: Sir James Outram joins Havelock and serves under him.

09/25,26: Havelock marches to Lucknow and relieves the besieged residency then retires and leaves Outram in command; Neil is killed.

09/27: Colonel Greathed defeats the rebels at Bolundshohur.

09/29: Greathed destroys a fort at Malaghur.

10/05: Geathed takes Allyghur.

10/10: Greathed defeats the rebels at Agra.

11/03: Sir Colin Campbell (b.1792) arrives at Cawnpore.

11/09: Campbell marches to Alumbagh, near Lucknow.

11/16: Campbell takes Secunderabagh.

11/18-25: joined by Havelock, Campbell attacks the rebels and rescues the besieged in the residency at Lucknow.

11/24: Havelock dies of dysentary at Alumbagh.

11/27: General Windham (at Cawnpore) repulsed with loss in an attack on the Gwalior contingent who succeed in taking part of Cawnpore.

11/28: Sir C. Campbell arrives at Cawnpore, which he retakes.

11: a telegraph line reaches Lahore and Peshawar; mining begins at Ampang, Klang Valley, near Kuala Lampur.

12/06: Campbell defeats the Gwalior rebels.

12/14,17,27: the rebels are defeated by Seaton;

12/27: more rebels are defeated at Goruckpore by Rowcroft.

1858: Viscount Canning becomes Viceroy (until 1862)

01: Lucknow is strongly fortified by the rebels.

01/02: the rebels are defeated at Futehghur by Sir C. Campbell.

01/27-03/09: the trial of the King of Delhi who is found guilty and sentenced to transportation.

02/11: Sir C. Campbell marches to Lucknow.

03/08: the siege of Lucknow commences and the city is taken by successive assaults.

03/14-19: the enemy retreats from Lucknow; Hodson is killed.

03/30: General Roberts take Katah.

04/03: Jhansi is retaken by the British.

04/04: Sir Hugh Rose beats the enemy severely, and takes Jhansi.

04/19: General Whitelock takes Budaon.

04/27: the small-pox death of Captain Sir w. Peel at Cawnpore.

05/04: General Penny killed in Rohilcund.

05/07: Bareilly is recaptured by the British.

05/11: Sir Hugh Rose defeats the rebels at Koonah and near Calpee, which he retakes.

05/23: Sir Hugh Rose defeats the rebels several times.

05/29: the victory of Sir E. Lugard at Jugdespore.

06/13: the rebels seize Gwalior, the capital of Scindiah, Scindiah escapes to Agra.

06/17: the rebels are defeated by Sir H. Rose (the heroic Ranee of Jhansi killed).

06/19: Scindiah reinstated.

06/20: Gwalior is retaken by the British and the remaining rebels (including Nana Sahib) are driven into the Nepalese borderlands, Tantia Topi (leader of the Gwalior forces) is captured and hanged.

07: the Rajahs of Jeypore, etc., surrender; Rohilcund and other provinces are tranquilized.

07/08: Lord Canning (b.1812), the governor-general of India, proclaims peace.

08/02: in consequence of the mutiny of ’57, and the disappearance of the company’s army, the British Parliament passes the Act for Better Government of India (act 21 & 22 Vict. C.106) and authorizes a board of directors and a Board of Control of the East India Company under control of the Secretary of State, being responsive to Parliament, and as advisors the Council of India is established (eight men appointed by the Crown, seven by the directors), which receives the royal assent.

08/14: General Roberts destroys the remains of the Gwalior rebels.

08: many Oude chiefs surrender except Nana Sahib who is believed to have died of jungle fever

08/31: an attempt of disbanded regiments to recapture their arms at Mooltan is suppressed by Major Hamilton.

09/01: the Government of the East India Company ceases to exist.

(see INDIA for more)

(MISCELLANEOUS: see the five separated colonies of Pondicherry, Karikal, Chandernagor, Mahe, Yanaon,

(GEOGRAPHY: sub-continent, S. Asia, #20 N, 78 E)

(LEADERS: Lord Canning govenor-general and first viceroy ['58-'62],Lord Elgin, Viceroy ['62-'63], Lord Lawrence ['64-1869])

(MISCELLANEOUS: what precedes from ‘56 will be found under EAST INDIA COMPANY, EAST)

1858: #1 export is tea (‘56-’65); the rebellion in northern India continues;

08/02: the Government of India Act wherein British Parliament transferred the government from the East India Company to the crown is passed.

09/15: General Mitchell defeats Tantia Topee near Rajghur.

11/01: in the principal palaces of India, Queen Victoria is proclaimed as Queen of Great Britain and the Colonies, &c, amid much enthusiasm; the Queen renounces the policy of annexation of princely states, promises non-interference in religion and opens high administrative offices to Indians; Lord Canning to be the first viceroy.

11/01-30: the campaign in Oude begins and several chiefs submit while others are subdued.

11/24: at Dhooden Khera, Lord Clyde (formerly Sir C. Campbell) defeats Ben Mahdo.

11/25: the flight of Tantia Topee—he is beaten in Guzerat by Major Sutherland.

12/04-11: the ex-King of Delhi sails for the Cape of Good Hope where the colonists refuse to receive him so he’s sent on to Rangoon.

12/06: Brigadier John Jacob dies at Jacobabad.

1859: first jute power loom is set up in Barnayore (near Calcutta); the beginnings of paper currency, licenses, income taxes, and a 10% tariff introduced to pay the cost of the rebellion; administrative reforms include introduction of a cabinet system, a code of civil service regulations and procedures, reorganization of the army and to be recruited more from the Punjab and Nepal, and public works are pressed;

01: the British enforce the Disarming Act in the northwest provinces; the rebels are completely expelled from Oude and cross the border into Nepal

01/01: the Punjab make a distinct presidency.

02/10: the defeat of Nana Sahib and the Begum of Oude General Horsford.

03: the new Indian Tariff creates much dissatisfaction.

04/02: Mann Singh surrenders.

04/07: Tantia Topee taken.

04/18: Tantia Topee hanged.

05/23: Sir Hope Grant defeats Nana Sahib in the Jorwah pass.

06/22: Sir Charles Wood becomes Secretary for India.

09: an income tax bill (called "the Trades’ and Profession’ Licensing Bill") passes the legislative council; great meetings at Calcutta and Madras protesting against it.

10/01: Rajah Jey-loll Singh hanged.

10: Nana Sahib, in force, in Nepal on the frontiers of Oude.

12/24: insurgents in Nepal dispersed.

1860: the Penal Code comes into force; the cotton boom begins (‘60-’65)

03: paper currency determination passes.

03/02: Bhadoor Khan (ex-King of Bareilly) hangs for the murders caused by him.

07: Sir Hugh Rose takes command of the Indian army which isamalgamated with the British.

07/21: Lord Canning’s recommendation that the adopted successors of Indian princes should be recognized is agreed to by the home government.

08/03: Sir H. Ward dies, the new governor at Madras.

08/11: James Wilson dies.

11: British troops are repulsed in Sikkim.

12: Nana Sahib, supposed to have died '58, is now said to be living in Tibet: agitation against the income tax is suppressed at Bombay and other places.

1861: a code of criminal procedure is enacted; an archaeological survey is made; reorganization and enlargement of famine relief, forestry, legislative councils.

01/10: Mr. Samuel Laing (successor to Mr. James Wilson) arrives.

01-06: famine in North West provinces through a failure of the crops.

03/31: Kootoob-ood-deen (grandson of Tippo Sahib) is murdered by his servants.

06/25: the order of the "Star of India" constituted.

08: with the Indian Councils Act, the Executive Council is reformed with five new members added and a new high court of judicature established.

09: famine hits in the North; a Ceylon volunteer ordinance forms detachments of infantry, gunners & sappers.

10: the law of property is altered throughout India; sales of waste lands is authorized.

1862: the Persian embassador is shot in Bombay; the Presidency Banks of Bengal, Bombay and Madras are deprived of their privilege of note issue;

01/18: the first meeting of new legislative council, includes several appointed Indian Princes.

03/12: Lord Elgin, new Governor-General iis nstalled at Calcutta.

07/12: the high court of judicature at Bengal is inaugurated.

1863: Satyendra Nath Tagore is the first Indian to enter the Indian Civil Service.

01/08: Sir Charles Trevelyan (new Finance Minister) arrives.

10: the rise of Ram Singh, a fanatic, in the North West provinces; fighting breaks out with the warlike hill tribes on the North West frontiers

11/20: the Viceroy, Lord Elgin, dies; in severe conflict, General Chamberlain is wounded.

12/29: Gen. Chamberlain's command assumed by Major General John Garvock.

12/15,16: Garvock totally defeats the enemy (about 15,000) in Chanta pass, the war is ended.

12: the Hindu religion is deprived of government support.

1864: agricultural and sanitation improvements officially started.

01/12: Sir John Laurence (Lord Elgin’s successor) assumes office.

03: excitement amongst the Hindoos on account of government suppression of funeral rites for sanitary reasons.

07: the gold currency (a sovereign=10 rupees) is ordered to be introduced at Christmas.

10/18: a grand durbar (held by Sir John Lawrence at Lahore) brings out 604 native princes.

12/12: a war with the Bhoatanese, the British take the fortress of Dhalimcot.

1865: 01/02: the Bhootanese attack Dewaingiri and are repulsed with severe loss.

01/29: Dewaingiri is evacuated by the British.

03/01: opening of the Indo-European telegraph, a telegram from Kurrachee is received in England.

03/31: W. Massey succeeds Sir. C. Trevelyan as finance minister and he arrives at Calcutta.

04/02: Dewaingiri is recaptured by General Tombs.

04/23: Sir Hugh Rose retires from command of the army which is assumed by Sir William Mansfield.

05: Sir Charles Trevalyan’s plans are reversed by Sir C. Wood.

(GEOGRAPHY: S.C. India, near Negapatam, #10:55 N, 79:50 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: a French colony in India, ceded by Great Britain in 1815)

(GEOGRAPHY: Malabar coast of S.W. India, #11:50 N, 75:25 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: a French colony, ceded by Great Britain in 1815)

(GEOGRAPHY: N.C. India and Tibet, #28 N, 85 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: the capital is at Kathmandu)

1856: a treaty is made with Tibet of Segauli in which Tibetans bind themselves to pay an annual sum (10,000 Rs) to Nepal and to encourage trade between the two countries, and that a Nepalese Representative at Lhasa should be of high rank, as well as trade agents are to be maintained at Gayantre, Kuti, Kerrong, and other trade marts in Tibet.

(GEOGRAPHY: on S.E. coast of India, 122 miles south of Madras, #12 N, 70:45 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under French off and on since 1683, last restored to the French by the English in 1816)

(GEOGRAPHY: Tibet and Mongolia, C. Asia, #40:30 N, 86 E

1857: an abortive Moslem uprising is quelled; Russia’s Valikhanov and Semanov explore the Kashgar and T’ien Shan areas.

1860: 11/02: the Treaty of Pekin is signed and delineates the frontier between Sinkiang and Russian Turkestan with Russia getting the right to place a consul at Kashgar.

1864: the warrior-leader Yakub Beg (b.1820), as the chief of staff of the Sinkiang army recruited by a descendant of the former Khoja ruling house of Kashgar, with intent to re-establish the Khoja power.

(GEOGRAPHY: S.C. Asia, #32 N, 90 E)

(LEADERS: 12^th Dalai Lama Trinley Gyatso ['63-??]

(MISCELLANEOUS: the capital is at Lhasa, leader the Dalai Lama)

1856: 03/24: a treaty is made with the Gurkhas wheren Tibet is to pay an annual tribute to Nepal and allow the privileges of trade to Nepalese merchants.

1858: the Chines regent, Rating, arranges a lottery by which the twelfth Dalai Lama, Trinley Gyatso, is chosen.

1862: Shatra proclaims himself the Desi (prime minister) and takes power while the regent flees to China and dies.

1864: 09: the Desi, Shatra, dies.

(GEOGRAPHY: S.W.C. Asia, #39N, 80 E

1860: Tsar Alexander II of Russia wants Turkestan as a consumer for his manufactured goods, as a producer of raw cotton, and for its strategic value; Russian military operations begin.

1865: 06/26: Tashkent is captured and the amir of Bokhara declares a holy war (a jihad).

(GEOGRAPHY: at the mouth of the Godavari River in S.E. India, #16:45 N, 82:12 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: a French colony, ceded by Great Britain in 1815)

(GEOGRAPHY: E. Asia, #30N, 110 E)

(LEADERS: Hsien Feng [1851-'61: Tung Chih reign of Mu Tsung ('62-'1874], dowager empress Tzu Hsi as co-regent until 1873 under the leadersip of Tseng Kuo-fan caused reform and study of the west)

(MISCELLANEOUS: agrarian unrest especially in Kiangsi and leads to the T'ai P'ing rebellion (aka Heavenly Kingdom of Peace] begins in 1851 and is founded in Kiangsi by the mystic Hung Hsiu-ch'uan with its capital at Nanking from 1853-'64; Nien Fei organized bandits [1855-'68] of Anhuei, North Kiangsu and Shantung and later Shansi; 1855-'73 Muslims [Panthays] in Ynnan revolt and set up an independent state of Tali with its capital at Nan-chao; 1855-'81 the Miao tribe revolt in Kweichow; the #1 export to Great Britain is tea; opium imported from India after the 1850s wars)

1856: 02/28: the Honghao rebellion in Giuzhou province (led by Xu Tinjjie) is put down.

02/29: a French Catholic missionary (Auguste Chapdelaine—who entered illegally) is beheaded.

05: Shih left the T'ai P'ings ("Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace") and the T'ai P'ings lost coherence and direction.

09/02: Yang Hsiu-ch'ing ('eastern king") tries to take over movement from Hong Xuiquan ("heavenly king") Wei Ch’ang-hui assassinates Yang Hsiu-ch’ing, his family, and thousands of followers at Nanking, then plans to do the same to Shih Ta-k’ai ("assistant king") but misses and kills only Shih's family and followers. Wei challenges the leadership but is executed; Shih flees and return to march on Nanking.

10/08: an outrage on the British lorcha Arrow(Chinese owned, British captain) in the Canton (Guangzhou) river includes boarding by police with 12 Chinese, and the captain, arrested as pirates, the British flag is hauled down and Chinese authorities claim the ship is a smuggler; the British Consul ( Harry Parkes [b.1828] and Sir John Bowring demand redress, thus begins the "Arrow War", aka "the Opium Wars".

10/23: after vain negotiations with Commissioner Yeh, a British fleet is sent up river to attack the Canton forts, which are soon taken.

11/03-04: a Chinese fleet is destroyed and Canton bombarded.

11/06: the imperialists are defeated and quit Shang-hae.

11/07: sent by United States President Buchanan to attempt mediation between China and Great Britain, William B. Reed, arrives in Hong Kong.

11/21-23: the Americans revenge an attack on themselves by capturing three forts.

11/25: T'ai P'ing rebels take Kuriking.

11: Hung Hsiu-ch’uan orders the assassination of Wei (T'ai P'ing leader and increasingly mad) and family

12: other forts are taken by the British.

12/14: the Chinese burn European factories.

12/30: the Chinese murder the crew of the British Thistle.

The Mahometans of Panthay, in Yunan, become independent during T'ai P'ing rebellion.

1857: 03: British troops arrive from Madras and England; and Lord Elgin is appointed envoy.

05: no change on either side but the imperialists seem to be gaining ground upon the T'ai P'ing rebels; Yeh says the matter could be straightened out for money.

05/25,27: total destruction of the Chinese fleet by British Commodore Elliot;

06/01: Sir M. Seymour and Commodore Keppel relieve the city of Lucknow

07/16: British Lord Elgin (b.1811) returns to Hong Kong where he and Frenchman Jean Baptiste Louis Gros (b.1893) the high commissioner declare that with the allied force at Hong Kong, Canton is under blockade.

08: the blockade of Canton.

09/25: a stagnation in the war—Lord Elgin departs to Calcutta, India, bringing military assistance to the English against the Sepoys,

10/19: General Ashburnham departs for India, and General Straubenzee assumes the command in China.

11: the city of Canton continues under blockade

12/14: the British launch an expedition (to protect the treaty system) in Kwangsi, the French cooperate after a French missionary is killed; a treaty revision is done and Yeh Ming-ch’en promises to resume trade.

12:28: the city of Canton is bombarded.

12/29: Canton is seized by the English and French;

1858: 01/05: the English and French enter Canton.

01/19: the forces of the "Sparks from the Lantern" sect (under Liu Yishun) take Sinan (in Guizhou province) which sets off the "White Signal" rebellion.

01: Yeh is captured and sent to a Calcutta prison where he died in ’59; Canton is placed under a Chinese governor and an Anglo-French commission.

04: Lord Elgin and Jean Gros send fleets north with United States envoy William Bradford Reed (b.1806) and the Russian envoy Admiral E. V. Putiatin (b.1803).

05/16: the Treaty of Aigun cedes to Russia the northern bank of the Amor River and gives joint possession of the arm between the Ussuri River and the sea.

05/20: the allies proceed toward Pekin, and take the Pei-ho forts, the Taku (Dagu) forts (near Tianjin) are sacked by the allies; Kuei-liang (b.1785) and Hua-sha-nai (b.1806) send for a truce at Tien-tsin—the expedition arrives at Tien-tsin.

06/05: negotiations commence for peace at Tien-tsin.

06/13: a Sino-Russian treaty is signed.

06/18: the United States signs a treaty with China for peace, amity, and commerce.

06/26: a 56-article Anglo-Chinese treaty is signed at Tien-tsin by Lord Elgin, Baron Gros (also includes the United States and Russia) and Kuei-liang (Keying-who signed the treaty in 1842) allowing the British to travel to the interior, the Yangtze is opened to foreign trade, 11 trade ports are opened (including Newchwang, Tengchow, Taiwan, Swatow, Kiungchow) and an indemnity for the expenses of the war to be paid, embassadors to be at both courts, toleration of Christianity and missions to the interior, a revised tariff, and the term "I" (barbarian) to be no longer applied to Europeans

06/27: a similar Sino-French treaty is signed, with the opening of Nanking as a trade port and access of missionaries.

08/28: Lord Elgin visits Japan, and concludes an important treaty with Emperor.

08-09: the British destroy about 130 piratical junks in the Chinese seas.

11/08:a treaty of tariff and trade regulations, consuls, and emigration with the United States signed.

1859: the government of Pekin rejects the treaty of Aigun

01: Lord Elgin proceeds up the Yang-tse-Kiang to Nankin.

05: Lord Elgin returns to England.

04/22: Hong Rengan (cousin of Hong Xiuquan of the "God-Worshippers") goes to Nanjing and introduces a reform package.

05: Lan Chaoqui and the "Incense Burner's League" rebel at Daguan and Zhooting (in Yunan province).

06/25: Mr. Bruce (the British envoy) on his way to Pekin is stopped in the river Pei-ho (or Tien-tsin) by the Chinese; British Admiral Hope (with the French) attempts to force a passage of the Taku forts is repulsed but saved from annihilation by United States ships.

06: with the departure of the Western forces, the Ch’ing government changes its mind about the deal.

07/29: the American envoy, Ward, arrives at Pekin, and refusing to submit to degrading ceremonies, does not see the Emperor.

10: the English and French prepare an expedition against China.

11/24: China signs a commercial treaty with America.

1860: population of Singapore is 80,792 of which 50,000 are Chinese.

04/26: Lord Elgin and Baron Gros sail from England heading for China.

05/23: Lord Elgin and Baron Gros are shipwrecked near Point de Galle, Ceylon.

05: after the T'ai P'ings destroy the government forces of Great Camp of Kiangnan, Teeng Kuo-fan is made governor-general and imperial commissioner for the suppression of the T'ai P'ings in Southern China.

06/29: Lord Elgin and Baron Gros arrive at Shang-hae.

08/01: the allies landed at Pei-t’ang.

08/12: the war begins: the British are commanded by Sir Hope Grant and the French by General Montauban; the Chinese are quickly defeated in a skirmish near Pei-ho; American F. T. Ward enlists foreigners in a volunteer corps to defend Shang-hae against the T'ai P'ing rebels.

08/18-20: the allies (British, Indian and French regulars) repulse the T'ai P'ing rebels (under Li Xiucheng) who are attacking Shang-hae.

08/21: the allies take the Taku forts (N. China) by defeating the Qing defenders while their Tartar general San-ko-lin-sin retreats.

09/18: Consul Parkes, Captains Anderson and Brabazon, M. de Norman, Mr. Bowlby (the Times correspondent), abbe de Luc, and 13 others (Europeans and Sikhs-total of 39) advance to Tung-chow, to arrange conditions for a meeting of the ministers, and are captured by San-ko-lin-sin; Captain Brabazon and abbe de Luc beheaded and their bodies are said to be thrown into the canal while the others are carried into Pekin.

09/21: after vain negotiation, the allies advance toward Pekin where they defeat the Chinese at Chang-kin-wan; the allies also defeat the Qing troops at Pa-li-chiau on the road to Beijing.

09/22: the Xianfeng Emperor flees from Beijing to Jehol.

10/06: the allies march towards Pekin; the French ravage the Emperor's summer palace.

10/08: Mr. Parkes, Mr. Loch, and others of the negotiating party are restored alive; Captain Anderson, M. de Norman, and others die of ill-usage.

10/12: the imperialist general Seng-kolin is defeated by 17,000 British and French, Pekin is invested and surrenders.

10/13: the allies enter Pekin

10/15: Sir Hope Grant issues a severe proclamation.

10/18: Lord Elgin destroys the summer palace (Yuan Ming Yuan).

10/20: the Summer Palace is burnt to the ground.

10/24: treaties and new conventions are signed in Pekin (Beijing) by Lord Elgin and the emperor’s brother I-hsin (b.1833—called Prince Kung) by which the treaty of Tien-tsin (Treaty of ’58) is ratified and apology is made for the attack at Pei-ho (06/25,'59); a large indemnity is to be paid immediately, and compensation money is to be given to the families of the murdered prisoners, etc., Kowloon is ceded to the British in exchange for Chusan.

10/25: conventions are signed with the French at Pekin who are given the right for missionaries to hold property and the treaty and convention is to be proclaimed throughout the empire.

11/05: the allies quit Pekin.

11/14: the Sino-Russian Treaty of Pekin confirms the Treaty of Aigun and gives Russia the Maritime Province (Vladivostock founded 07/’60)—with Russian envoy Gen. Nicholas Ignatiev also obtaining free trade, territories (including Usuri Province), etc. from the emperor's brother Prince Gong.

11/30: the first installment of the indemnity is paid.

11: T'ai P'ing rebels from Nanking desolate Kiangsu and Chekiang.

1861: 01/05: part of the allied troops settle at Tien-tsin and a consulate is established.

01/20: Prince Kung creates the Tsungli Yamen (Foreign Office)

02: Admiral Hope examines Yang-tse-Kiang, etc.

03: English and French embassies are established at Pekin.

05/17: Tseng Kuo-ch’uan (b.1824-and brother to Tseng Kuo-fan) starts a siege of Anking but is harassed by Li Hsiu-ch’eng and Ch’en Yu-ch’eng at Ch’i-nen in southern Anhwer, Ch’en attacked and is repulsed (4,5,8)

08/22: the Emperor Hsien-feng dies at Jehol but had named his son (Tsai-ch’un [b.’56]) as successor with an eight man regency to be approved by Yehonda (b.1835 and aka the Empress Dowager Tz’u-his) and Nuihuru (b.1837 and aka the Empress He’iao-chen) with Prince Kung in charge at Pekin.

09/05: Tseng takes Anking to use as a base for recovery of Nanking, Tseng plans a 3-prong attack on the T'ai P'ings in central China.

10/21: Canton is restored to the Chinese.

11: Tz’u-his (with Kung and broth I’huan) overthrow the eight regents and establish his reign as T’ung-chih ("joint rule"); a ministerial crisis causes several ministers to be put to death.

12/13: Kung is appointed regent.

12: in a surprise advance, the rebels seize and desolate Ning-po and Hang-chow; the Shang-hae xinbao (New Shanghai Paper) publishes as a new weekly.

1862: the Shang-hae Steam Navigation Company is founded by Russell and Company (American); the beginning of Muslim rebellion of Tso Tsung-t'ang (not suppressed until 1873)

01: the rebels advance on Shang-hai which is placed under the protection of the English and French, and fortified.

03/03: rebels led by Lan Chaogui (of the Incense Burner's League) move from Sichuan to Shaanxi province.

04: Li Hung-chang is sent by Tseng to Shanghai as acting governor of Kiangsi (paid for by the western powers) and finds British Admiral James Hope (b.1808) and French Admiral Leopold Auguste Protet (b.1808) (with the help of the Chinese Brigade [the Ever-Victorious army with foreign officers helping the imperial forces under Charles George "Chinese" Gordon (b.1833) and Frederick T. Ward] defending against the T'ai P'ing Gen. Li Hsiu-ch’eng and the rebels are defeated in two engagements.

05/10: the English and French assist the government against the rebels—Ning-po is retaken.

05/17: the French admiral Protet is killed in an attack on rebels.

05: Tseng Kuo-ch’uan is at Yu-hua-t’ai under the walls of Nanking.

06/29: after Moslem-Han Chinese massacre thousands, the Moslems attack the city of Xi'an (Shaanxi)

06: an outbreak of Larut wars between rival tin-mining groups.

07: Capt. Sherard Osborne is permitted by the British government to organize a small fleet of gunboats to aid the imperialists to establish order.

08/22: the Xianfeng emperor dies.

09: F. T. Ward dies from wounds received in battle near Shang-hae with the T'ai P'ings.

10/12-11/26: Tseng is attacked by Li Hsiu-ch’eng day and night.

10: the imperialists gain ground, take Kah-sing, etc.; Tungani (Mahometan) revolt in Central Asia because of the massacre of Buddhists.

11/11: Zaichun becomes emperor with the empresses dowager (Ci'an and Cixi) as regents.

1863: Sir Robert Hart begins Maritime Customs Service in China.

01/14: a commercial treaty with Prussia is ratified.

03/25: ColonelCharles George Gordon takes over the Ever-Victorious Army after the death of F. T. Ward in battle near Shang-hae.

05/03-06/19/’64: Tseng besieges Nanking and the T'ai P'ings.

10: the imperialists (under Colonel Charles Gordon) defeat T'ai P'ings under Burgevine, etc.

11/27,28: Li Hongzhang's Huai army makes a severe attack on the T'ai P'ing stronghold of Soochow with Gordon's army.

12/04,05: the T'ai P'ing defenders turn over the city of Soochow (Jiangsu) (on 12/10) to the Qing commander (Cheng Xueqi) on promise of reward but are butchered and Gordon threatens to leave the Ever-Victorious Army over the treachery.

12/31: Capt Osborne comes to China but retires in consequence of the Chinese Government departing from its engagements.

1864: the Nien Rebellion (a secret society of bandit gangs) in Kiangsu, Anhwei, Honan, Shantung from 1853 and they cooperate with the T'ai P'ing leader Chang Lo-hsing (d.’63) and it made the Nien an effective army by ’56; Protestant missionaries now number 200

01-04: Gordon’s successes continue.

01: Li Hongzheng orders Scotsman S. Halliday Macartney to purchase mechanical equipment for the modernization of his military.

03/23: Gordon is repulsed but he rallies and takes Chang-chow-foo.

05/11(05/31): Charles Gordon’s "Ever-Victorious Army" is disbanded.

05: Seng-ko-lin-ch’in is killed in Shantung fighting the Nien.

06/03: Moslem rebellion in Kucha, Chinese Turkestan.

06/30(06/01): Hun-seu-tseun (the Tien-wang, the rebel emperor, "the young brother of Jesus", "the heavenly king") commits suicide by eating gold leaf after which the trees above his grave are decorated with the suicidal bodies of his wives (he maintained a separate kingdom from the Manchus for 15 years) and his son Hung Fue (b.1849) succeeded with Hung Jen-ken (b. 1822 and a cousin) as regent.

07/05: the battle for Nankin begins.

07/15: Moslem rebellion at Urumchi, Chinese Turkestan.

07/19: the Hunan (Imperial forces) under Tseng Kuo-fan (with the help of Tseng Kuo-ch'uan, Li Hung-chang, Tso Tsung-t'ang) suppressed the T'ai P'ings and Gordon takes Nankin (in a heap of ruins), Chang-wang & Kan-wang, the rebel generals are "cut into a thousand pieces" and there are 100,000 mass suicides and slaughter in the final destruction of the T'ai P'ings.

08/07: the T'ai P'ing commander Li Xuicheng (41) is executed at Nankin but first he wrote his own account of the rebellion for the imperial leader Zeng Guofan.

10: Hong Tianquifu (T'ai P'ing leader aka "Young Heavenly King") escaped Nankin but is captured at Shicheng, Jiangxi.

11/18: Hong Tianquifu is executed by "the death of a thousand cuts" in the provincial capital of Jianqxi at 15.

1865: 01: there is a great mortality among British troops at Kowloon; the Chinese government borrows L1,430,000 from Great Britain, beginning its national debt.

01-03: the T'ai P'ings hold Ming-chow, the Buzurg Khan (a descendant of the ruling house of Kashgar) with A'gub Beg as chief of staff, and other Moslems enter Chinese Turkestan from Kokand and Buzurg delcares himself king of Kashgar; the Mahometan rebellion (Douganese) is progressing in Honan.

03: Tuoming declares himself the "pure and true king" at Urumchi.

05/23: the T'ai P'ings evacuate Ming-chow.

06: the rebellion in the north is advancing.

(GEOGRAPHY: island, #23:30 N, 121 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: known as Taiwan; belongs to China)

(GEOGRAPHY: on an island and mainland of S. China, #22:15 N, 114:10 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: ceded to Great Britain 01/20/1841)

(GEOGRAPHY: about 1,000 islands, #36N, 139 E)

(LEADERS: shogun Iesada ('53-'58): shogun Tokugawa Iyemochi ('59-1866); Iesada ruled with the public divided into 2 camps 1) wanting to expell foreigners and led by emperor-honoring Tokugawa Nariakira [ex-lord of the Mito] and 2) the realists led by Ii Naosuke [aka Kamon-no-kemi], the 2 also at odds over proposed heirs of the childless Iesada with Naosake favoring Tokugawa Iemochi [Lord of Kii] while Nariakira favors his own son Hitotsubashi Yoshinobu [aka Keiki]; Iemochi as shogun but anti-foreign feelings continue.

(MISCELLANEOUS: Minomura Rizaemon [b.1821, poor orphan] rose to general manager of the #1 commercial house Mitsui [17^th] in sake brewing, commerce and banking, Rizaemon the banker for the new government in the’60s; Sumitomo company [17^th] leader in copper mining.)

1856: the ports of Nagasaki and Hakodati are opened to European commerce.

08/21: the American consul-general (Townsend Harris—b.1804) arrives at Shimoda as the first recognized agent of a foreign Power and is charged with obtaining a commercial treaty.

09: Townsend Harris, as U.S. Consul (wealthy New York banker) , in Shimoda to build a commercial treaty is not welcome.

11: the Bakufu (the shogun’s government = "Camp Government") appoints a commission to study trade with the United States.

1857: 06/17: Townsend Harris signs a treaty of commjerce and consuls which grants United States citizens extra-territorial rights and opens the ports of Shimoda and Hakodati.

06: Townsend Harris signs a convention to open Nagasaki and allow Americans to reside, lease and build.

10: the Bakufu signs a treaty with the Netherlands in Nagasaki for unlimited trade at Nagasaki and Hakodate; Admiral Putiatin signs a similar treaty for Russia.

12: Townsend Harris is received by the shogun in Edo.

1858: #1 export is raw silk; Ando Hiroshige, painter, dies (b.1797); shogun Tokugawa Iyemochi.

02: a Harris treaty is prepared for the residence of the U.S. Minister in Edo, for free trade with Nagasaki and Kanagawa (opened to the U.S. in ’59), Niigata (opened in ’60) and Hyogo (now Kobe--opened in ’63) but the signing is postponed; Hotta Masayoshi goes to Kyoto to get Emperor Komei’s approval of the Harris Treaty but is refused.

03/05: Edo appeals to the emperor for further foreign intercourse but is refused; a strong anti-foreign attitude exists in Kyoto which is linked with the pro-emperor movement (sonno);

04: a compromise is forced through the imperial council but it rouses anti-foreign, anti-Bakufu sentiment.

06: Ii Naosuke is appointed tairo and is soon all-powerful at Edo, he secures the appointment of Iemochi as shogun's heir;

07/29: Ii Naosuke signs an important treaty of friendship, commerce, and navigation with Townsend Harris of the United States for unsupervised trade at five ports, American residence at Edo and Osaka, an envoy at Edo, a conventional tariff and prohibition of the importation of opium.

07: Ii Naosuke, (regent) signs the Harris Treaty without imperial approval; Lord Elgin of Great Britain visits Japan with a present of a steamer for the Emperor and is honorably received.

08/18: Naosuke signs a treaty with the Netherlands.

08/19: Naosuke signs a treaty with Russia.

08/26: Lord Elgin of Great Britain obtains the Treaty of Yeddo, opening Japan to British commerce; Ii Naossuke (lord of Hikone, chief advisor of the Shogunate) makes these commercial treaties for Japan in defiance of the Emperor.

08/19: commercial treaties with Russia, Holland and Great Britain (similar to that of the UnitedStates) are signed, but the emperor refused to legalize them.

08: Ii announces Tokugawa Yoshitoma as the shogun’s heir, Iesada dies and Iemochi becomes shogun and begins the Ansei purge.

09/16: the secular Emperor dies (at the age of 36).

10/07: Naosuke signs a treaty with France similar to that of the United States but the emperor refuses to sign it.

12: Rutherford Alcock (afterwards Sir) is appointed consul-general for Great Britain.

1859: British cotton textiles disrupt the locals; foreign merchants settle at Yokohama but attacks on them soon follow; the silver to gold exchange rate of 5 to 1 leads to an outflow of gold;

02: a compromise is tried between the pro-foreign and anti-foreign elements; Kyoto tells Edo that foreigners are to be expelled as soon as possible;

07: the treaties become effective and place foreign diplomats in Edo.

11/18: Rutherford Alcock is appointed envoy extraordinary.

11: Yoshida Shoin (b.1830--leader of the anti-foreign pro-imperial spirit of Choshu (W. Hondo) and violently anti-Tokugawa) is executed by the Bakufu for his anti-Edo activities and becomes a national hero.

1860: 01: Ii Nassuke (advisor to the Emperor, lord of Hikone) is assassinated.

03/24: Ii Neosuke is assassinated while on his way to the Emperor by former Mito men;

03/27: an official Bakufu embassy mission leaves to visit the United States to ratify the Harris treaty, the party reaches San Francisco and proceeds to Washington and is impressed with the United States’ progress.

03: Ii Naosuke is assassinated by Mito warriors.

05/14-06/30: the Japanese embassy visits Washington,D.C,. bringing the Perry Treaty for ratification, they travel and visit New York, etc

05: the Bakufu propose the shogun marry Princess Kazunomiya (the emperor’s sister) and the court agrees if the Bakufu will cancel the treaties with foreigners within ten years.

09/17: Nariakira dies and the leadership of the anti-foreign moves to Satsuma (aka Kyushu), Choshu and Tosa (aka Shikoku) fiefs.

1861: 01: Henry Heusken (Harris’ secretary) is murdered in Edo by extremists (plus a Russian officer, two Russian sailors, two Dutchmen) and Harris offers to postpone the openings of Edo, Hyogo, Osaka, and Niigata.

03/09: Russia occupies Tsushuma;

03: the Bakufu are to send a mission to the treaty countries to postpone the openings and British minister Sir Rutherford Alcock (b.1809) is gradually won over.

07/05: extremists attack the British embassy at Yeddo and some persons wounded.

1862: the rule compelling the Japanese lords (daimyo) to reside at the Shogunate in alternate years is abolished; the Emperor instructs the Shogunate to expel all foreigners in the following year; theShogun warns the foreigners but says no action will be taken.

01: the Bakufu mission to the European governments departs.

06/27: foreign ministers transfer their residence from Yeddo to Yokohama.

06: the Bakufu conclude the London Agreement (postponing the opening of Hyogo, Niigata and the residence at Edo and Osaka until 01/01/68) but Russia, France and Holland don't agree until later.

08: Yoshinobu is made the shogun’s guardian.

09/14: Charles L. Richardson (a British visitor and merchant from China) is murdered bySatsuma (samurai) members after Britishers at Namamugi (near Yokohama) and he is but one of many.

10: forced residence of the daimyo in Edo is greatly curtailed and pro-western daimyo congregate around the court in Kyoto;

11/15,19: the batteries of vessels of the Prince of Nagata fire on an English and a French vessel at the entrance of the straits of Simonosaki.

11: the court appoints Sanjo Sanetomi (b.1837 and exremist noble) as envoy to the Bakufu to demand the expulsion of the foreigners.

1863: Prince H. Shimazu (at Kagoshima) starts the 1^st cotton spinning by machinary.

03: Great Britain demands L100,000 in indemnities and L25,000 from the Satsuma and an apology for the Richardson murder.

04: the shogun Iemochi travels to Kyoto on summons from the emperor (indicating that the political center hadsshifted back to Kyoto) to discuss the expulsion of the foreigners

06/05: it is chosen that 06/25 will be the date for the expulsion of foreigners.

06/24: Edo pays the indemnity to Great Britain for the Richardson murder (and others) and the Japanese Minister announces that the ports opened by virtue of the treaties will be closed.

06/25: the Choshu forts fired on an American steamer in Shimonoseki Straits and later on French and Dutch ships and the French and Americans direct reprisals.

07/15-19: some English, French & American vessels bombard Japanese forts and vessels.

08/15: reparations demanded at 100,000l are paid by the government, the Prince of Satsuma resists payment of his portion, 25,000l; British Admiral Kuper enters the bay of Kagoshima to enforce the demands and is fired upon, whereupon he bombards the town and burns the Prince’s steamers thereby convincing the Satsuma not to expell foreigners.

09: Satsuma and Aizu troops seize the imperial palace gates and the city of Kyoto from Choshu-backed extremists who are expelled.

12/11: the Prince of Satsuma pays the 25,000l.

1864: 02: Hitotsubashi Yoshinobu, Matsudaira Yoshinaga of Echizen, Matsudaira Katamori (b.1835) of Aizu, Yamanouchi Yodo of Tosa, and Date Munenari (b.1818) of Uwajima form a council (dominated by the Satsuma) to consult with the emperor, this is unprecedented; disagreements break up the daimyo coalition; internecine strife in the Mito destroys its leadership;

08: a Choshu force of 2,000 tries to siege Kyoto but is repulsed and Choshu is declared in rebellion by the court; a convention with France is signed by Japanese ambassadors at Paris.

09/04: the Japanese Government refuses to abide by the treaties, a combined European naval fleet enters the straits of Simonosaki.

09/05-08: a British, Danish, French and American expedition bombards the city and silences the Choshu forts at Shimonoseki totally destroying the anti-foreign movement, they then land troops to dismantle the batteries as a reprisal for the Choshu attack on foreign shipping.

10: a convention settles the Shimonoseki affair and Edo agrees to pay an indemnity for the Choshu actions.

1865: 03: irregular military units under Kido Takayoshi (b.1833) and Takasuga Shinsaku (b.’1839) overthr0w the pro-Bakufu government of Choshu and defy the Bakufu; the Bakufu order 2 punitive expeditions against the Choshu under the shogun’s personal command.

04: Sir Harry Parkes appointed to succeed Sir R. Alcock as British envoy.

(GEOGRAPHY: peninsula E. Asia, #38N, 128 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under China, the capital is at Seoul)

(LEADERS: King Choljong [1850-‘63]: King Kojong [aka I T'ae-wang, aka Yongio—'63-???] I Tae-wang, 12 years old and grandson of King Sunjo, his dad Hung-son [aka Tai Wen Kun] acts as regent)

1860: Choe Cheu founds the nationalistic Tonghak school of learning, it is a synchretist apocalyptic movement based in the south and combining Taoist, Buddhist, Neo-Confuscian, Catholic and native Songyo shamanist elements.

1862-1863: a Tonghak inspired peasant-based revolt breaks out.

1863: 01: King Choljong dies without male issue so his great-great-grandson Yongjo succeeds him as King Kojong and the boy’s father (Prince Hungson [aka Taewongun]) serves as regent and institutes a conservative reform program, tries to restore the Korean "3 systems" (land tax, grain relief, military service), tries to wipe out factionalism by closing the private acadamies (sowon), deprives the Censors of their power, directly taxes the noble (yangban) class, reorganizes the central administration, revises the law codes, tries to increase military strength, and his foreign policy is openly anti-Catholic and exclusionist.

1864: the leader of the Tonghak revolt is killed and the uprising is suppressed.

1865: the beginning of a systematic persecution of Christians and French missionaries.

(GEOGRAPHY: on the Chinese coast adjacent to Hong Kong, #22:20 N, 114:10 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: ceded to Great Britain by the treaty of 10/’60)

(GEOGRAPHY: island off the coast of China at the mouth of the Canton River, #22:10 N, 113:35 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Portugal)

(GEOGRAPHY: N.E. Asia, #45 N, 127 E)

1858: 05/16-29: the Treaty of Aigun with Russia is signed causing the north bank of the Amur from the Argun fork to the sea to be recognized as Russian, the south bank down to the Ussuri as Chinese, and the territory between the Usuri and the sea is to be held in common by the two Powers until there should be a final settlement of the frontier.

06/02: the Treaty of Aigun is ratified by the Emperor of China.

07/08: Treaty of Aigun is ratified by the Tsar of Russia.

06/01-13: the Treaty of Tien-tsin is signed by Russia with British, French, & American representatives to open the port of Newchwang at the mouth of the Lao River to foreign trade.

1860: 07/20: Vladivostok is occupied by Russia.

11/14: a convention with Russia is signed by which the Treaty of Aigun is confirmed and China cedes the territory held in common (now Primorski Province); by the two treaties Russia deprives China of some 343,000 square miles.

(GEOGRAPHY: N.E. Asia, #45 N, 102 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under China, scattered tribes)

1850s-1860s: levees fIght against the Nienfu peasant rebels in thenorthern Chinese provinces.

1860s: levees fight against the British and French; levees also fight against the Moslems in the southwest.

1860: 11: the Sino-Russian Treaty of Pekin is signed in which Russia receives the right to assign consuls at Urga, Ili (Kuldja), Chugachak, Kashgar and Russian merchants are allowed to enter Outer Mongolia.

1862: 02/08: an agreement made at Pekin allows the Russians to trade throughout Mongolia.

1864: 10/07: the Protocol of Chuguchak (the Boundary Treaty of Tarbagatai) stipulates the Russian-Outer Mongolian boundary as running through the Sayan Mountains.

(GEOGRAPHY:N. Asia, #62 N, 100 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: begun in 1580, prisoners sent there since 1710.)

(GEOGRAPHY: #23 S, 134 E)

(LEADERS: Premier Charles Cowper ??'61??)

(MISCELLANEOUS: wool is the #1 export; intercontinental immigration into Australia from 1851-’60 not available; the University of Sydney opened in 1852; the University of Melbourne opened in 1853; 33,000 Chinese came to the gold fields 1851-1855)

1856: the first interstate cricket match (Victoria against New South Wales); the longest bare-knuckle boxing match with James Kelly battling Jack Smith is fought at Melbourne for 186 rounds and lasts 6 hours 15 minutes; Tasmania is granted self-government; the Peninsula and Oriental Steam Ship Company opens regular service;

1857: a poll tax on Chinese immigrants is adopted by South Australia.

1858: J. M’Douall Stuart’s expedition begins (it continues to '62).

01/28: South Australia passes the Real Property Act (Torrens Land Transfer Act) requiring systematic registration of owned land, it is copied by other colonies.

07: the death of Archdeacon Cowper (aged 80), after about fifty years residence.

10: the Sidney Morning Herald editorializes about the slovenly condition of the city.

1859: a residence tax of L4 a year is added to the poll tax of L10 a year for Chinese immigrants.

12/04: Queensland (formerly Moreton Bay penal settlement) separates from New South Wales and is made a separate province with Brisbane as capital;

1860: 08: an exploratory expedition into the interior by Mr. Landells, the organizer.

05/13 Queensland separates from New South Wales;

08/03: Australian troops embark for to New Zealand under General Pratt, to help suppress the Maoris' uprising.

08/20: Robert O’Hara Burke, William John Wills & others start a lavish expedition from Melbourne to cross the desert of the continent on camels from South to North .

12: the first riot against the Chinese immigrants with 500 being driven out.

1861: the Land Occupation Act (by John Robertson [b.1816] in New South Wales and by Charles Gavan Duffy [b.1816] in Victoria) limits the tenure of leases to help diggers and small farmers (selectors) but causes abuses so greater efforts are elicited to break up the large holdings; T. S. Mort (at Sydney) builds the 1^st machine-chilled cold storage unit; the Gross National Income per capita is $250 (G.B. $150); a poll tax on immigrant Chinese is adopted by New South Wales.

07/15: 3000 gold miners "rolled up" (drove) thousands of Chinese immigrants from their camp at Lambing Flat (Victoria) and then threw out the police.

11: Robert Burke, William Wills & two others cross the continent (desert) to the Gulf of Carpentaria but all perish on the return except John King who arrives at Melbourne.

12: Stuart, M’Kinlay, and Landsborough begin their trek from sea to sea.

1862: an English cricket team tours for the first time; J. M’Douall Stuart, M’Kinlay, & Landsborough's 3^rd attempt to cross the continent from Adelaide to Port Darwin is successful and reaches the sea, this had a greater scientific import than the expedition of Burke and Wills.

11: the only surviver (John King) of the Robert O'Hara Burke and W. J. Wills mission reaches Melbourne (set out in 08/'60 with Burke, King, Wills and Grey and Afghan camels and reached the Gulf of Carpenteria in 02/'61 and returned with Grey dying while the others made it to their base camp at Cooper's Creek, then crossed Stoney Desert to Mount Hopeless where the rest died with King being rescued by aborigines).

1863: the Duke of Newcastle (the colonial secretary) delineates colonial responsibility for local defense; the administration of the Northern Territory (central and northern Australia) is assigned to South Australia.

1864: summer: boundary disputes erupt between New South Wales and Victoria; native (Kanaka) laborers are imported into Queensland from the Solomon and other islands to meet the labor shortage on sugar plantations, this is actually slave trading but not in name.

1865: 01/26: the cessation of transportation to Australia in 3 years announced amid much rejoicing.

04/19: the boundary disputes between New South Wales and Victoria are settled amicably.

04: Morger, a desperate bushranger and murderer, is surrounded and shot.

(part of Indonesia, just E of Java, #8:30 S, 115 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: part of the Dutch East Indies, under the Dutch since 1839)

1865: several revolts occur.

(GEOGRAPHY: isle of E. Indies, #0.30 N, 114 E,)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under the Dutch)

(GEOGRAPHY: S.E. Asia, E. of India, #22 N, 96 E)

(LEADERS: King Mindon Min (1853-1878), the best king, friendly with his neighbors and Great Britain)

(MISCELLANEOUS: the capital is at Mandalay in ’59, Rangoon in ‘62; founded by the conquests of Alaungpaya)

1857: Mindon Min builds a new capital at Mandalay and seeks better relations with Great Britain and his neighbors.

1859: the capital is still at Mandalay.

1862: an Anglo-Burmese Commercial Treaty is signed by Mindon Min setting customs dues at 5% and Great Britain is given the right to trade; Arakan, Tenasserim, and Pegu are consolidated into British Burma with Rangoon as the capital.

(GEOGRAPHY: Malay Peninsula, S. E. Asia, #4 N, 102E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: independent Sultanate, British settlement in Malaya; many Chinese immigrants, especially in the tin mines and at piracy)

(GEOGRAPHY: S.W. Indo-China, #12 N, 105E)

(LEADERS: King Norodom ('??-'63-??): Gov.-Adm. Pierre de Lagrandiere [b.1807]['63-'64?]

(MISCELLANEOUS: a Hindu state dependant on and constantly threatened by Annam and Siam; under the French from '63)

1863: 08/11: because of the constant threats of Annam and Siam, Cambodia signed a treaty of this date by which King Norodom acceptes the protection of the French, negotiations continue with Siam over her territorial claims.

1864: 04/17: the French Governor-Admiral, Pierre de Lagrandiere, attempts to extend the French influence and King Norodom places his kingdom under the French but the Siamese influence is retained when Mongkut insists that Norodom be crowned by both Siam and France.

(GEOGRAPHY: Indonesia, #2 S, 121 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under the Dutch since 1666)

(GEOGRAPHY: S. part of French Indo-China, #10N, 106 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: includes: Annam, Burma, Siam, French Indo-China, British Malaya, Malayan Archipelago)

1856: a French missionary is killed.

1857: the Spanish bishop of Tonking is killed.

1858: 08/31: a French and Spanish fleet reaches Tourane and lands an occupational force but since the natives take all the food with them the place is abandoned.

1859: 02: Saigon is captured.

1861: 11: the French control lower Cochin China (Annam).

1862: 05: Tu-Duc askes for terms.

06/05: the Treaty of Hue (with the French) cedes the three (six?) eastern (southern?) provinces of Annam to France (France then cedes them to Siam by treaty) and Tu-Duc is to pay an indemnity over 10 years, the Catholic religion is to be tolerated, the ports of Tourane, Balat, Kuang-An are opened to French traffic.

12: revolts of the Vietnamese mandarins (they had replaced the French residents in administration) while Tu-Duc refuses ratification of the treaty with the French but was pressured by threats of aid to the Tongking rebels.

(GEOGRAPHY: N.E. Indian Ocean, 20 small islands, 581 miles from Java, 12:5 S, 96:54 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Great Britain)

1857: the islands are declared to Great Britain.

(GEOGRAPHY: S.E. Asia, #16 N, 108 E and #17N, 107 E)

(LEADERS:Emperor Tu-Duc (1847-1883) learned, pious, kept country closed to outsiders and persecuted and destroyed Christian settlements)

(MISCELLANEOUS: French intervention has occured since 1787; the capital is at Hue)

1857: 09: the French occupy Da Nang and Saigon.

1858: a French and Spanish expedition (under Admiral Rigault de Genouilly) is sent to stop the unfriendly attitude of the Annamite court by bombarding Tourane on the coast but is unable to proceed to the capital of Hue so the expedition turns south.

1859: French Admiral occupies Saigon (in Cochin-China) and is interrupted by the French war in China.

1861: 02/25: 3000 French under Admiral Charner takes the Saigon forts from Gen. Nguyen Tri Phuong.

1862: 04/13: with the Treaty of Saigon, the Annam emperor abandons the 3 eastern provinces of Cochin China to the French and agrees to an indemnity of 20,000,000 francs to be paid over 10 years, allows free exercise of the Catholic faith in Annam and 3 ports (Tourane, Balat and Kuang-An) are opened to French trade;

1863-1868: Admiral Pierre de La Grandiere (governor of Cochin-China) organizes a system of government through admirals and leaves the actual administration to native mandarins.

(GEOGRAPHY: island of East Indies, #7:30 S, 111 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under the Dutch)

(GEOGRAPHY: an island 6 miles NW of Borneo)

(MISCELLANEOUS: ceded to Great Britain in 1846)

(GEOGRAPHY: S.W. part of Malaya, #2:20 N, 102:15 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: part of the Straits Settlements under control of the Indian Government since 1824, settled by the Portuguese in 1511)

(GEOGRAPHY: S.E. Asia, includes islands ofJava, Sumatra, Bali, Borneo, #1 S, 18 E)

1859: Denmark and Portugal agree to divide Timor and the neighboring islands;

(GEOGRAPHY: Indonesian islands, #0.30 S, 128 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: in the Dutch East Indies, under the Dutch with treatis with Great Britain and the Netherlands)

(GEOGRAPHY: Malaysia, #5 N, 120 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under the Netherlands; #1 exports are sugar and coffee)

1850s-1860s: creeping free capitalist enterprises are spreading.

(GEOGRAPHY: N. of Australia, #5 S, 145 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS) annexed by Great Britain 1793, by the Dutch on the W. end in 1828)

(LEADERS: Sir George Grey governor for the 2^nd time ['61-'67], tried to restore order and made concessions to the Maoris)

(MISCELLANEOUS: the capital is at Auckland; discovered in 1642 by Dutch Captain Abel Janszoon Tasman and rediscovered in 1769 by British Captain James Cook; intercontinental immigration into the area from ‘51-’60 ca. 33,000;)

1856: a responsible government is established with provincial councils authorized to dispose of crown lands; new bishopric is established at Christchurch; "1856 Compact’" regularizes financial relation of the provincial and central government; the "Compact of 1856" by which the cost of land purchases is to be met out of central government loans.

1857: #1 export is wool;

08/17: responsible government is granted by Great Britain and the constitution is modified; new bishoprics are established.

1858: the New Provinces Act is passed; the new province of Hawke's Bay is established; new bishoprics are established at Nelson & Wellington; Te Whero Whero is elected as king of the Maoris; gold is discovered.

1859: the new province of Marlborough is established; a new bishopric is established at Waiapu.

1860: the Second Maori War begins with three insurrections of the native Maoris under a chief named William King (Wirrimu Kingi) with almost all the guerilla-war style fighting on North Island and mostly in Taranaki and Waikato country, arising out of disputes respecting the sale of land near the Waitari River; the Bishop Selwyn and others consider the natives have been unjustly treated.

03/14-28: indecisive actions between the militia (under Trevor Cameron) and volunteers (under Gens. Thomas Pratt) and the Maoris.

06/30: war breaks out at Taranaki, and the British are repulsed with loss.

08/03: more Australian troops are sent to help General Pratt.

09/10,19: indecisive actions against the Maoris.

10/09,12: more indecisive actions against the Maoris.

11/06: General Pratt defeats the Maoris at Mahoetaki and destroys their fortified places.

11/22: New Zealand colonists in England justify the conduct of their New Zealand Government.

12/29: the Maoris are defeated in battle.

1861: the new province of Southland is established; Grey’s second term as governor begins.

01/23: the Maoris are defeated in battle.

02/24: the Maoris are defeated in battle.

03/16-18: the Maoris are again defeated in battle.

03/19: the war with the Maoris ends with the surrender of the natives but it is an uneasy peace.

06: gold discovered at Otago (on South Island) with an inrush of miners (population of 100,000 in '61 to 250,000 by '70) resulting in the island becoming populous and rich;

07: a native sovereignty is proclaimed on South Island with 5000 British soldiers in garrison.

1862: the fanatical Hau-Haus arise among the Maori.; Sir George Grey, Governor (formerly governor in Natal, Africa); the individual colonies are given responsibility for native affairs; the government abandons the right to pre-empt native lands and establishes free trade there.

1863: the first railroad opens between Christchurch and Ferrymead, state owned and operated; Grey, Governor; the New Zealand Settlement Act is passed.

05/04: natives attack a military escort and kill eight persons in Tanaki.

07/17: the Waikato tribe is driven from a fort.

08: the war spreads and the natives begin to construct rifle pits.

09: the government proposes to confiscation of Waikato lands.

11/20: Gen. Cameron severely defeats the Maoris at Rangariri.

12/09: the continued success of General Cameron leads to the Maori capitulation of Maori king.

1864: Grey, Governor.

04/29: the British attack on Galepa (the gate path) is repulsed with loss of officers and men.

04: the Rewi defeated at the Orakau pa (fort) while the warlike Waikato are pacified.

06: Te Rauga is captured.

07: a loan of 1,000,000l to New Zealand is guaranteed by the British parliament.

08: several tribes submit.

09: Maori prisoners escape and form the nucleus of a new insurrection.

10/25: Sir George Grey issues proposals of peace.

11/24: a change of ministry and policy with the seat of government to be removed from Auckland to Wellington on Cook’s Strait.

1865: Grey, Governor.

01/25: the Maoris' attack on Cameron is severely defeated.

02/25: the Maoris' attack on Cameron is severely defeated.

03/02: outbreak of the Pai Mariri (aka Hau-hau heresy--a compound of Judaism and paganism) amongst the Maoris during which the Reverend C.S. Volner is murdered and many outrages are committed before Gov. Sir George Grey issues a proclamation against it.

04: the Hau-hau is checked by the agency of a friendly native chief We-Teko.

05/25: William Thompson (an eminent chief) surrenders on behalf of the Maori king.

(GEOGRAPHY: a Malay island in the British Crown Colony of Straits Settlements, #5:15 N, 100:15 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: ceded to the East India Company in 1786 by the Sultan of Kedah)

(GEOGRAPHY: 7,083 islands or islets, S.W.N. Pacific, #11 N, 123 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Spanish rule)

1850s-1860s: there is a growing nationalist sentiment.

1861: 07/04: The Governor General ceases to be president of the Audiencia.

(GEOGRAPHY: N.W. Borneo, #2:30 N, 113 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Great Britain since 1841, became independentin ‘63)

1861: more cessions were made to Sarawak.

1863: received by the British Government as an independent state.

(GEOGRAPHY: Burma and French Indo-China, #16 N, 102 E)

(LEADERS: Rama IV [1851-1868][aka Phra Chom Klao Mongkut], a monk, studied Western governments, began to modernize his country and made a treaty with Great Britain in 1855)

1856: British consuls in residence.

05/29: the United States signs its second treaty of amity & commerce with Siam.

08/15: a treaty of friendship with the French is signed.

10: the treaty with the French is implemented to fix Siam's borders.

1858: 05/21: a treaty of commerce is signed with Denmark.

1859: 02/10: a treaty of commerce with Portugal is signed.

1860: 12/17: a treaty of commerce with Holland signed.

1862: the Siamese fleet at Trenggann shelled the fort; Siam receives six (or three) southern provinces of Annam in their treaty with the French.

02/07: a treaty of commerce is made with Germany.

1863: long negotiations with France and her protectorate, Cambodia.

(GEOGRAPHY: part of the Straits Settlements, a city at the S. end of Malay Peninsula, #1:18 N, 103:55 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: a British Crown Colony under control of the Indian Government since 1819)

(GEOGRAPHY: on the Malay Peninsula and includes Singapore, Penang, Malacca, #3.30 N, 101 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: British Crown Colony under control of Indian Government)

(GEOGRAPHY: large island, E. Indies, #0.5 S, 102 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under the Dutch)

(GEOGRAPHY: island, S.E. of Australia, #42 S, 147 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: independent; aka Van Dieman’s Land until 1853)

1856: 05/07: Great Britain grants Tasmania self-government.

(GEOGRAPHY: island in the Malay Archepelgo, #9:15 S, 125 E)

(GEOGRAPHY: on the Red Sea, SW Arabia, a territory of 35 sq. miles of volcanic hills, barren, #12:45 N, 45:12 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: annexed to British India in 1839, a fortified town on the S coast 118 miles from the Red Sea; has been a portion of the Bombay government, of military importance)

(GEOGRAPHY: 1300 by 1500 miles but only 900 where it joins Asia, #25N, 45E)

(GEOGRAPHY: lowland between Arabia and Persia, the Tigris River and the Euphrates River to the Gulf, #32 N, 46 E)

(LEADERS: Faisal (1843-’65); Northern Arabia is ruled by the house of Rashid and is virtually independent which is acknowledged by Faisal; Faisal posed as a protector of the Wahabi faith; he expanded to Buraimi and the Omani [Umani] hinterland with influence to the frontiers of Yeman and Hadhramaut)

(MISCELLANEOUS: of little political or financial interest, no resources, acquired by the Ottoman's in 1517, only camel routes for travel, city of Baghdad)

(GEOGRAPHY: #40 N, 45E, #40 N, 42E, table land, mountainous, N.W. of Persia)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Russia since 1828, under Ottoman's since '56)

1859: Russia captures Shamyl to stop the Murid resistance.

1859-1864: 200,000 Circassians emigrate to Turkey to escape Russian rule.

(GEOGRAPHY: in the Transcaucasus area, #42N, 44 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: a Russian province with 2 governments at Tiflis and Kutais)

(GEOGRAPHY: plateau region, S.E. Asia Minor, #37 N, 43 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: Kurd population, under the Ottoman Empire)

(GEOGRAPHY: on the Mediterranean sea, #34 N, 35:45 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Turkey)

1858: a rebellion of the peasants against the Ottoman Turks breaks out in North Lebanon.

1860: 06: a war between the Druses and the Christian Maronites erupts with 11,000 Christians massacred by the Ottomans, French troops intervene.

1861: Lebanon is granted local autonomy with the Ottoman Empire.

(GEOGRAPHY: extreme S.E. of the peninsula of Arabia, mountains)

(LEADERS: the Imam [or Sultan] Mejid of Muscat; descendants of Ebn-Saood

(MISCELLANEOUS: under the Portuguese from 1508 to the mid 17^th century, eight provinces, town of Oman)

1856: Sayyid Thuwaini succeeds Sayyid Said as Sultan of Oman and Muscat

1861: British pressure divides the dominions of the Sultan of Muscat;

(GEOGRAPHY: Asia Minor and extended into S. E. Europe, #39 N, 35 E)

(LEADERS: Sultan Abdul Mejid [Abd al-Majid] II [b.1823][ruled 1839-’61]; Abdul Aziz [aka Ismail Pasha][‘61-1876], Aziz had studied in Europe and espoused western ifluence, railroads were built, a literary revival took place)

(MISCELLANEOUS: Mustafa Reshid is a reformer dominent [1839-’61] and helped westernized Turkey; the modernization plan is the Gulhanehatti-Kumayouni; city of Constantinople [aka Stamboul])

1856: 02/18-19: Sultan Abdul Mejid promulgates the Hatt-I-humaroun Firman (Hatt-i-Humayun or Imperial Rescript) (instigated by Lord Stratford de Radcliffe), guaranteeing equality to all Turkish subjects, Christians to get life, honor, property, civil office, can buy themselves out of military service, civil powers of the Christian churches abolished while religious freedom is granted, prison reform edict and end of torture is promised throughout the Turkish Empire; however, the pro-Christian reforms create tension with the conservative Moslems as well as the Christians but British, French and Austrian ambassadors work it out and force the Turkish government to comply before Russia can interfere; the Ottoman Bank is founded in Constantinople with British capital.

02/.25: the Crimean armistice takes place with Russia; the Congress of Paris meets (Walewski [French foreign minister as president]), Great Britain-Clarendon and Cowley, Austria-Buol and Hubner, Russia-Orlov and Brunow, Turkey-Ali Pasha and Mehmed Jemil, Sardinia-Cavour), Great Britain and Austria are for the status quo against France.

03/30: the Treaty of Paris is signed by which the Ottoman Empire is formally admitted into the Concert of Nations guaranteeing its independence and integrity, by which the Black Sea is opened to ships of all nations with warships forbidden, and the Ottoman’s get back their territory in Southern Bessarabia, Kars, and in the Danube estuary (ceded by Russia to Moldavia);

04/15: Great Britain, France, & Austria sign the treaty to guarantee the integrity of the Turkish Empire and will support her militarily.

1857: 03: the Austrians quit the principalities.

07: a misunderstanding among the allied powers respecting the Moldavia elections which are annulled.

1858: the abolition of feudal holdings in the Ottoman Empire

02-07: war breaks out between Turkey and Montenegro.

05/13: the Turks are defeated by Montenegro at Grahovo.

06/15: a massacre of Christians at Jedda.

07/12: Lord Stratford de Redcliffe (English Ambassador at Constantinople) is succeeded by Sir. H. Lyton Bulwer, who is accredited.

07: indecisive conflicts occur in Montenegro between the natives and the Turks.

08: Turkish financial reforms begin.

08/19: the Paris conference creats the "United Pricipalities of Moldavia and Wallachia" with each having a different hospodar [princes]elected by separate elective assembliges] and a central commission to propose the laws of common concern but also the suzerainty of Turkey is to be preserved.

09/19: the first Turkish railway is opened (from Aidan to Smyrna).

10: base coinage is called in; a fictitious Turkish coinage begun at Birmingham is suppressed.

11/08: the allied Powers determine the Montenegrin boundaries.

1859: 01/17: Colonel Alexander Couza (b.1820) is elected Hospodar of Moldavia (ruled from ‘59-1866).

02/05: Prince Alexander Couza is elected Hospodar of Wallachia, the Ottoman Porte objects to his being elected Hospodar to both principalities.

02/07: the Ottoman Porte accedes to the double election of Couza for Moldavia & Wallachia.

05: the telegraph is completed between Aden & Suez.

09/06: the election of Couza is acknowledged by the allies and the power of the Sultan accepts if no precedent is being established.

09/17: a conspiracy appears against the Sultan..

10: there is great agitation for financial reform; the Sultan's brother is implicated in the conspiracy against him and is condemned to die but is reprieved..

1860: the first railway (from Smyrna to Aydin) is opened; Robert College is founded by American missionaries (there since 1820).

05/05: there is concern about alleged ill treatment of Christians (slaughter of thousands) in Turkey so the great powers propose intervention.

05/30: the Ottoman Government promises investigation and redress.

06: all the Powers satisfied with the Ottoman promise except Russia;

06: a war between the Moslem Druses and Christian Maronites erupts in Lebanon with massacres of the Christians (11,000+).

07/09-11: massacre of Christians are committed at Damascus (Syria); French troops intervene at both Lebanon and Syria.

08/02: a convention on behalf of the great Powers at Paris agrees to armed intervention by the French in Syria.

10/20: new Turkish law reforms are based on the Code Napoleon.

1861: Lebanon is granted local autonomy with the Ottoman Empire.

02/24: an inundation hits at Galatz, with the loss of about 175,000l.

03: a Christian anti-Turkish revolt in Herzegovinia is aided by the Montenegrins but is put down quickly.

04: with the great need of financial reform, the British ambassador (Sir H. Lyton Bulwer) proposes a scheme.

06/05: with successful discussion respecting French occupation of Syria the French leave by the end of the month.

06/25: the death of the Sultan, Abdul-Medjid and accession of Abdul-Aziz, his brother.

07: economic reforms begin; Fuad Pacha made president of the council.

09: the imperial order of knighthood (Osmaneh) is founded to include civil as well as military persons.

10: the imperial guard is reorganized.

12: the Sultan gives his permission for Moldavia and Wallachia to become one with Rumania.

1862: 03: Fuad Pacha puts forth a budget; treaties of commerce are signed with Sweden, Spain, etc.

05: a Turkish loan (8,000,000l) taken up in London.

09/23: insurgents in the Herzegovina submit to Turkish troops, peace is made with Montenegro.

10/07: a dispute with Serbia is settled.

10: secularization of the property of the mosques (value about 3,000,000l) is said to be determined on.

1863: 01/28: a new bank, the Banque Imperiale Ottomane, is established.

1864: 04: a flow of immigration of many Russian Caucasian tribes; the Vilayet Law creates larger provinces under governors-general and subdivision into sanjaks;

(GEOGRAPHY: S.W. Asia, the rich Sharon Valley, #31:30 N, 35 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under the Ottoman’s since 1516, city Jerusalem)

(GEOGRAPHY: S.W. Asia, #33N, 55 E)

(LEADERS: Shah Nasr-ed-Din [aka Nasir al-Din] [1848-1896], the son of Mohammed Shah [1835-1848] and the ablest ruler of the Kajar dynasty [1794 to 1925], has an interest in European culture; Babism [founded in 1850] is a mystical movement in Islam and is persecuted)

1856: Persia is upset at the British association with the sheiks of Bahrain an area which they considered as theirs.

10/25; Persia declares war against Afghanistan (at Russian instigation) and quickly captures Kharak Island and occupies the port of Bushire.

11/01: a rupture occurs with the English when the Persians besiege and occupy Herat (in Afghanistan--at the time of the death of the local ruler) in violation of the Treaty of Peshawar of 1855.

12/08-10: the Persians are defeated and the port of Bushire is retaken.

12/13: the UnitedStates signs a treaty of friendship and commerce with Persia.

1857: 02/08 Gen. Sir James Outram defeats the Persians at Kooshab.

03/04: Persia sends an envoy to end the Anglo-Persian war by the Treaty of Paris, the Shah removes from Herat and gives up any claims to and recognizes the independence of Afghanistan bringing British influence in Persia up to that of Russia.

03/26: Gen. Sir James Outram defeats the Persians at Mohammerah and occupies the town forcing Persia to sue for peace.

04/14: the Anglo-Persian peace is ratified at Teheran.

1861: the Euphrates and Tigris Steam Navigation Company, Ltd. (British owned) is incorporated on both rivers.

1862: 11/23: an agreement is signed with Great Britain for construction of a telegraph from the Ottoman border down to Bushire where an underwater cable leads to India.

12/17: work begins on the telegraph from the Ottoman border down to Bushire.

1864: the persecuted Babists are expelled and most flee to Turkey; the first telegraph (Baghdad-Tehran-Bushire) built by Great Britain as part of the line to India (currently building Odessa-Tiflis-Tehran section—which opened 1870).

1865: railways are in process of formation.

(GEOGRAPHY: eastern Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Asia Minor, #37:42 N, 26:45 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: forms a principality under the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire and is under the guarantee of France, Great Britain and Russia since 12/11/1832)

&&&

(GEOGRAPHY: NW coast of Persian Gulf, #29 N, 48 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: subsidized by the British Government since ca 1760 with a Political Agent at theCourt of the Sheikh)

(GEOGRAPHY: Near East, narrow coast lying strip 440 miles long and 50-100 broad, Palestine and Turkey, #35 N, 38:30 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under the Ottoman Empire)

1858: Hadiqat al-Akhbar, the first Syrian newspaper is founded.

1860: 05-07: the killing of Christians by Ottomans;

07/09-11: massacre of Maronite Christians at Damascus by the Druzes.

07: a French expedition is sent to protect Maronite Christians against the Druzes.

1857-1859: the Austrian Novara expedition becomes a fruitful scientific voyage.

(GEOGRAPHY: 250 islands, S.W. Pacific, #17:45 S, 178 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: independent)

(GEOGRAPHY: S. Pacific, #16 to 18 S, 148 to 155 W, includes Tahiti)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under French Protectorate since 1842)

(GEOGRAPHY: group of islands at the SE end of Tuamotu Archipelego, #20 S, 140 W)

(MISCELLANEOUS: a French Protectorate since 1844)

(GEOGRAPHY: island, 600 miles E. of the Phillippines, #13:30 N, 144:45 E

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Spanish rule)

1855: 05/16: Lieutenant-Colonel Felipe Maria de la Corte is made Governor.

(GEOGRAPHY: small islands, E. of Phillipines, #18 N, 146 E)

(GEOGRAPHY: in the S. Pacific, 60 miles E of New Caledonia, #21 S, 167:15 E)

1864: annexed by France.

(GEOGRAPHY: N. of Tuamotu Archipelego, S.Pacific, far S.S.E. of Sandwich Islands, #9 S, 139 W)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under the French)

(GEOGRAPHY: group of 24 islands, #10 N, 165 E)

(GEOGRAPHY: island in S.W. Pacific, 800 miles E of Australia, #21:20 S, 165:40 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: annexed by the French in 1853)

(GEOGRAPHY: 26 small islands [coral and volcanic] in the Pacific, #7 N, 134 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under Spanish control since 1543)

(GEOGRAPHY: tiny and remote, S.E.S. Pacific, #25 S, 130 W)

(MISCELLANEOUS: annexed by Great Britain in 1838)

(GEOGRAPHY: group of islands in N.W.S. Pacific, #13.50 S, 172 W)

(MISCELLANEOUS: Dutchman Jacob Roggeveen discovered it in 1722 with European activity beginning ca. 1790)

1861: Great Britain, Germany and the United States appointed representatives to Samoa.

(GEOGRAPHY: group of volcanic islands, #19.45 N, 155:30 W)

(LEADERS: King Kamehameha IV [a.k.a. Liholiho][01/11/1855-11/30/'63]: Kamehameha V ['63-??], brother of Liholiho)

(MISCELLANEOUS: independent with a representative form of government since 1840 with the King appointing Americans to administrative and judicial positions; sugar export [now Hawaii])

1856: 04/18: a new Law provided that the Legislature should meet biennially instead of annually after the King dissolved the Legislature last year..

1857: 10/29: a treaty with France is signed.

1861: 08/26: a proclamation of neutrality in the United States war by Kamehameha IV forbids naval vessels or privateers of the American belligerents to carry prizes into any of their ports or territorial waters, similar orders are issued by Great Britain (06/01), Spain, Belgium, Prussia, Holland, Portugal, Hamburg, Bremen and France.

1863: 11/30 the death of Kamehameha IV who is succeeded by his brother Kamehameha V.

1864: 06/13: a Constitutional Convention called by the King.

08/13: the Constitutional Convention is dissolved by the King.

08/20: a new Constitution is promulgated by the King.

(GEOGRAPHY: island group in the S. Pacific, N.E. of Australia, #8 S, 158 E)

(MISCELLANEOUS: under French control)

(GEOGRAPHY: group of islands in the S.W. Pacific, #20 S, 174:30 E)

(LEADERS: King George Tubou I [??-??]

(MISCELLANEOUS: a British Protectorate, established 1814-1815)

(GEOGRAPHY: group of islands, E.S. Pacific, #20 S, 140 W)(MISCELLANEOUS: under French Protectorate since 1844, Paumoto is the native name)

Return to the main Société d'Europe page

Links to web sites related to this topic: