My own summary of the article *)
Gunnar Tietze *, Wilhelm Weinrebe **, Heinrich Hinze ***
Handling Bathymetric Data:
Aspects of Bathymetry Data Management
My own summary of the article *)
Gunnar Tietze *, Wilhelm Weinrebe **, Heinrich Hinze ***
Handling Bathymetric Data:
|
Marine Science and Technology (MAST) Workshop on Project Data Management,
11-13 June 1997, Ispra, Italy
To handle and process data of offshore and seafloor bathymetry the swath sonar techniques for measurements, data processing, and archiving efficient data management techniques are required.
1. Bathymetric and Hydrographic Surveying
The bathymetric survey is the first of three steps in bathymetry data management.
The survey consists in the measuring procedure or data acquisition, the quality control, and
the evaluation of the metadata for the survey.
Then, the swath data have to be verified. A first quality control is done by detecting and
removing outliers and blunders. At deep sea, the distance between emitting transducer and
reflecting seafloor is large and results in smaller amplitudes of the received signal at the
multibeam system. Noise and errors have a non-neglectable influence upon the data.
Erroneous data may be due to incorrect depth measurements or positioning.
Here, you may insert a depth value for an ocean area of interest
to evaluate the depth measurement accuracy as discussed for standardization at the
International Hydrographic Organization (IHO):
These aspects demand a careful data acquisition including the control of the
measurement during survey and they illustrate the need for an intensive post-mission data
processing and verification. Post-mission data control is done e.g. by manual or
semi-automatic swath profile verification.
2. Data Processing
The bathymetric data processing is second step in bathymetry data management.
Following the survey, the data processing is the re-evaluation and merging of data and the
processing and production of results from the bathymetric survey. Since erroneous data still
may exist, data have to be verified and cross-checked for their quality.
Data should be checked at crossings of tracks and for the area of overlapping swathes.
When combining separate data sets, any large difference between adjacent depth values has to
be checked. If larger differences between various data within a small area exist, they have to
be analysed.
Some smaller data error effects may be detected by visual verification of the displayed
results, since they have a systematic effect which is obvious in mapping. The processing of
verified data by isoline contouring or color-coded depth range mapping may give further hints.
However, producing a beautiful picture of the bathymetric survey data does not
significate the last step in data management.
3. Archiving
Archiving, maintaining, and distributing the data are the third step of bathymetry data
management.
Data have to be labelled, metadata have to describe the measurement and processing
procedures, and they have to be archieved.
For swath data, needs for standardized data format have been expressed early and several
proposals had been discussed on a scientific level as well as within the IHO and International
Oceanographic Commission committees. The problem is even more complex, since different types
of swath sonar records exist.
The access to the remote expensive resource of a
digital data bank has to be installed, allowing a collaboratory as a new kind of capability
in new electronic communication technologies. The successful use of data bank information
requires access to the metadata and an adequate documentation of the bathymetric data.
With the potential of fusing data from quite disparate data bases, collaborative efforts may
be raised to a better level of sharing the data and information among geographically
dispersed institutions on an almost instantaneous basis.
*)
Author's affiliations in 1999:
Figure:
Swath data noise at about 3850 m depth of an abyssal plane, vertical beam is at
the center of the swath profile data (source:
Weinrebe, W. 1997: Hochauflösende Bathymetrie in der Tiefsee - Probleme und
Lösungsansätze. Proc. 12. Hydrographentag, 09-11 June 1997, Würzburg, Germany).
Reference: H.-P. Rohde 1996: IHO Standards for Hydrographic Surveys Special
Publication No. 44 - Recent Developments.
Proc. 11. Hydrographentag, 03-05 June 1996, Glücksburg, Germany;
published by DHyG.
Figure:
Mesh net perspective of a verified swath data DTM displaying systematic pattern
of ice plough marks off Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica (77°S/61°W), amplitude of ice
scours: 5 to 10 m; area: 1.5 by 6 km**2, depth: 650 m
(source: Bathymetric Group of AWI -
Koch, S., B.Müschen, T.Schöne 1994: Bathymetrische Arbeiten. Ber.z. Polarf. 152,
p.155..160).
Figure:
Shaded relief of a continental slope region boxed multibeam survey at the Gulf
of Alaska (59°N/146°W); area: 80 by 70 km**2 (source:
Weinrebe, W. 1997: Hochauflösende Bathymetrie in der Tiefsee - Probleme und
Lösungsansätze. Proc. 12. Hydrographentag, 09-11 June 1997, Würzburg, Germany).
The contibution was presented at the
MAST Workshop on Project Data Management, 11-13 June 1997, Ispra, Italy
and it is published (p. 53 - 60) in:
Martin Bohle-Carbonell (ed.):
Marine Science and Technology (MAST) Program -
Experiences in Project Data Management,
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities,
EUR 18037 EN / ISBN 92-828-2887-5 / ISSN 1018-5593, Luxembourg 1998.
Copyright © 1998 by European Communities
* Tietze: GeoTopic, Kiel
** Weinrebe: GEOMAR Research Center, Kiel
*** Hinze: Geodäsie & Meer, Meine
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Copyright © 1999 by Heinrich Hinze, Wedesbüttel, D-38527 Meine.