The rank of artillery Colonel was to be paid, according to 1861 US Army Regulations, at a rate of $95 per month. A Lieutenant Colonel received $80 per month.

Rather than having specific and immediate command functions within the battalion or company command structure, an artillery Major primarily filed reports and coordinated the paperwork functions within the organization.

The rank of artillery Major was to be paid, according to 1861 US Army Regulations, at a rate of $70 per month.

Company Commander
Within a Company, the Captain was the highest-ranking officer.  The Captain had overall command of the Company.  The vital importance of a Captain to his Company was recognized in Article XII, Section 72 of the 1861 US Army Regulations in which it says "Captains should be with their companies. Therefore, although subject to the temporary details of service, as for courts-martial, military boards, &c., they shall not, except for urgent reasons, be detailed upon any duty which may separate them for any considerable time from their companies".

Among his duties and authority was control of the equipment and animal inventories (horses and mules), as well as the training and readiness of all personnel and equipment.  His was the ultimate responsibility not only for his own actions, but also for the actions and state of readiness of all his subordinates, although many of his duties would necessarily have been delegated to others.  A Captain of artillery often served as the primary recruiter for the Company, making his position highly critical.  Too, he was involved in materiél procurement; among the Confederate companies in particular, that would prove to be of inestimable value.  His was the ultimate responsibility to ensure that his Company achieved and was maintained in an acceptable state of readiness.

Defining the role of a Captain of artillery was not as straightforward and obvious as that of an infantry Captain.  The very role of the artillery was not definitively established by the time of the outbreak of the War, and the role of the artillery would evolve during this War more than any other.  With roles within and without the artillery changing as rapidly and often as they did during the War, a Captain over an artillery Company might receive his orders from an artillery battalion commander, a division "Chief of Artillery", or an infantry brigade commander.  Each of those mentioned ranked from major to brigadier general, respectively.

An artillery Captain might have command over as few as 90 or so men, or as many as 170 men, with more than 110 horses in a six-cannon company with six-horse teams.  A four-gun company with four-horse teams required a minimum contingent of 70 men and 45 horses.  Most artillery officers received promotions at a far slower rate than in the other branches of service, due largely to relatively light casualties and the relatively small number of artillery companies and artillerymen.  There were but 268 Confederate artillery companies during the War, and 432 Federal artillery companies.   Artillerymen comprised roughly six percent of the military personnel of that day.

The rank of artillery Captain was to be paid, according to 1861 US Army Regulations, at a rate of $60 per month.

Surgeon and Medical Specialists
A hospital unit might be attached to an artillery battalion.  A surgeon initially entering the service would begin with the rank of Captain, although it was a rank without real command authority; the rank was conferred to justify the pay rate of a surgeon.   Both male and female nurses might serve under a Surgeon.

The rank of artillery Captain was to be paid, according to 1861 US Army Regulations, at a rate of $60 per month.  An Assistant Surgeon with five years’ experience or more was paid at a rate of $70 per month, while an Assistant Surgeon with less than five years’ experience was paid at a rate of $53.33 per month.   Medical Cadets were to be paid at a rate of $30 per month.  A Hospital Steward, first class, was to be paid $22 per month; and a Hospital Steward, second class, was to be paid at a rate of $20 per month.  A Matron was to be paid at a rate of $6 per month, and a Female Nurse was to be paid at rate of 40¢ per day and one ration.

Chaplain
One or more chaplains might be attached to a battalion.  In the 1861 US Army Regulations, Article XXIV, it says that:

    208.  One chaplain shall be allowed to each regiment of the army, to be appointed by the                colonel, on the nomination of the company commanders.  None but the regularly                ordained ministers of some Christian denomination, however, shall be eligible to                appointment; and the wishes and wants of the soldiers of the regiment shall be                allowed their full and due weight in making the selection....Chaplains will only be                allowed to regiments which are embodied and serving together as one whole - not to                regiments of which the companies are serving at different stations.

A chaplain initially entering the service would begin with the rank of Captain, although it was a rank without functional command authority; the rank was conferred to justify the pay rate of a chaplain, as was the case with a surgeon.  A chaplain in the army would be paid at a rate of between $40 to $60 per month with four rations per day. A chaplain of volunteers would receive the same rate of pay as a Captain of cavalry: $70 per month.

Section Chief
Section Chiefs are in command of their respective sections which consist of two platoons (comprised of a rough maximum of 40 men) and their equipment (two cannons, two caissons, four limbers, and between 20 and 30 horses). The Section Chiefs received their orders in the chain of command from their Captain.  They performed duties that included brigade/division artillery inspector; ammunition, clothing, harness, tool, bedding and tent requisition; and battalion officer-of-the-day.

A section from a battery would sometimes be ordered out for picket duty or as part of a special detail with a small infantry force, at which time a Lieutenant would often be given command authority and responsibility for the section.   That would provide some measure of on-the-job training and experience in having independent command for the Lieutenants, often their only and best opportunity to show the company commander their capabilities in a conspicuous manner.  Lieutenants might also be assigned to conduct the ancillary business of positioning and preparing the artillery force to do battle, including clearing roadways or making paths over which the artillery might travel. They were sometimes forced into the role of semi-impromptu engineers as well, having to quickly design and have constructed bridges to ford waterways, and to cause entrenchments to be dug or earthworks built.

Lieutenants rode abreast of their sections when the Company was on the march in order to keep the proper intervals and to check straggling.  A Section Chief might dismount during battle to direct his section's fire on order of the Captain. Most often, though, he would direct the section’s activities while mounted.  All officers as well as sergeants were mounted in a field battery, many times riding mounts that they provided for themselves.  In the Captain’s absence, the senior lieutenant would take command of the battery.

The rank of artillery First Lieutenant was to be paid, according to 1861 US Army Regulations, at a rate of $50 per month.  An artillery Second Lieutenant was to be paid at a rate of $45 per month, while a Brevet Second Lieutenant was also to be paid at a rate of $45 per month.  To serve the additional role of Adjutant or Regimental Quartermaster, a Lieutenant would have $10 per month added to his pay rate.

Chief of the Line of Caissons
This junior officer of a battery had command of all the caissons and ordnance.  The men under his direct command included the Chiefs of Caisson (corporals), drivers (privates), and any other men assigned him.  The Chief of the Line of Caissons was often assigned to serve as adjutant, too.  His duties when the enemy had been engaged were to make certain that the caissons and their teams were adequately protected from enemy fire while remaining in close enough proximity to the pieces and the battle line to ensure that ammunition was readily and immediately available.

The rank of Second Lieutenant was to be paid, according to 1861 US Army Regulations, at a rate of $45 per month.

Battalion Orderly Sergeant
The Sergeant-Major’s position was not a Company-level position, but rather a Battalion level position, as was that of a Colonel of artillery. His role was that of the Battalion’s Orderly Sergeant, rather than serving that function at the Company level.   See the role of the First Sergeant as detailed below for a general description of the sort of Battalion-level duties that would apply to the Sergeant-Major, the senior non-commissioned officer.

The rank of artillery Sergeant-Major was to be paid, according to 1861 US Army Regulations, at a rate of $21 per month.

        Quartermaster Sergeant         

While not a command position, the rank of Company Quartermaster Sergeant was required to know the same drills, duties, and responsibilities of the line noncommissioned officers.  After all, he was assigned to a Company, and his name was recorded after that of the First Sergeant on the Company rolls. A high degree of accountability attended this position, requiring relatively meticulous record-keeping. 

A four-gun Company short on personnel might see the Second Sergeant relegated to the role of the Quartermaster Sergeant as an adjunct function of his command of a platoon.  The Quartermaster Sergeant oversaw all of the details related to the teamsters and their wagons.  A supply detail traveling to a storage site might require several days’ travel, depending on the army’s status (whether in camp or on the move).  During times of enemy engagement, the Quartermaster Sergeant might be detailed to accompany the Company's supply wagons to ensure their safety.

According to US Army Regulations, Article XLII:

    1064.  This department provides the quarters and transportation of the army; storage and                  transportation for all army supplies, army clothing, camp and garrison equipage,                  cavalry and artillery horses, fuel, forage, straw, material for bedding, and                    stationery.

Confederate Army Regulations called for the Quartermaster to do double duty, in a sense, for they were also to serve as the Company paymaster. 

"The Quartermaster General shall take care, by timely remittances, that the Quartermasters have the necessary funds to pay the troops, and shall notify the remittances to the Quartermasters and commanding officers of the respective pay districts."

The rank of artillery Quartermaster Sergeant was to be paid, according to 1861 US Army Regulations, at a rate of $17 per month.

        First Sergeant          

Orderly Sergeant
The ranking staff non-commissioned officer reported to the Captain alone and represented the enlisted men before the officers.  He executed all details ordered by the Captain that pertained to the Company, as opposed to serving an individual segment of the Company. The Orderly Sergeant assisted the captain in the supervision of the company's operations and was responsible for the administrative work of the Company.  Reports preparation, roll calls, maintenance of the fatigue and duty rosters, and recommendations on personnel actions were functions assigned to the Orderly Sergeant. 

More than that, he assigned, assisted, supervised, and checked various details such as the posting of guards, equipment repair, stable call, and horse grooming.  He was overseer of training and discipline, and instructed the other sergeants on their respective duties as non-commissioned officers.   When the Company was short an officer due to leave, sickness, or death, the First Sergeant assumed the duties of the Chief of the Line of Caissons by direction of the Captain.  Until a replacement was transferred in or he was elected or permanently promoted to lieutenant, he would continue to serve in that capacity.  Only under extraordinary circumstances would the First Sergeant take command of a section.

The list of responsibilities would leave one with the impression that the duties of the First Sergeant made him the busiest man in the Army.   Few First Sergeants would take issue with that description.

The rank of artillery First Sergeant was to be paid, according to 1861 US Army Regulations, at a rate of $20 per month.

           Sergeant           

Chief of the Piece
Chiefs of the Piece commanded the men and equipment of a platoon.  In brief, that consisted of the gunner and his cannoneers; the Chief of Caisson and his drivers; one cannon; 9 to 13 horses; and all the harnesses and saddles necessary for those horses.   The Sergeant assigned duty positions within his platoon except for the corporals.   The Chief of the Piece had responsibility for the proper and full training and cross-training of the men under his purview. 

Under enemy fire, the Chief of the Piece would almost always be a dismounted position, leaving his horse with his drivers, and taking his post to the rear of the piece under his command.  The Chief of the Piece was to follow, repeat, and carry out the Section Chief’s orders instantly; ensure that the gunner selected the correct target and used the proper range and projectile; verify that the Chief of Caisson was prepared to bring forward ammunition as necessary; and see that immobilized or dead horses were unharnessed and replaced as necessary.  While on the march, he rode beside the left lead horse to serve as a guide for his platoon.  The Sergeants were ranked in order of seniority: Second Sergeant, Third Sergeant, and Fourth Sergeant.

The rank of artillery Sergeant was to be paid, according to 1861 US Army Regulations, at a rate of $17 per month.

Gunner
Gunners were responsible for the men and equipment of a gun detachment.  The detachment consisted of a minimum of six, and a maximum of ten, cannoneers; one cannon; and one limber. 

Customarily, Gunners marched near their pieces with their cannoneers.   That enabled them to spur on stragglers under their charge and maintain their respective pieces in the traveling order.  When serving the piece, Gunners executed the orders of his Chief of the Piece.  It was his responsibility to aim and sight the piece, as well as to give the orders for its firing. 

Under the orders of the Section Chief, the Gunner would control the rate of fire, dependent upon not only the prompt servicing of the piece by the men under his command, but also dependent upon his ability to hastily sight in the piece.  Just as was the case with Sergeants, Corporals were ranked within their designation by order of seniority: the senior half of the Corporals made the Gunners, the junior half were made Chiefs of Caisson.

Chief of Caisson
Chief of Caisson (sometimes referred to as the Caisson Corporal) cared for the limbers and caissons, making sure that their ammunition was properly packed and in good condition.   Although their authority over the platoon’s drivers was limited, drivers were none the less first subject to the requirements of them by the Chief of Line of Caissons and the Chief of the Piece.  With regard to the drivers, the Chief of Caisson made sure they took proper care of the animals and their harnesses.  He marched near the caisson when the Company was on the move; infrequently would he be mounted. 

On the battle line, the Chief of Caisson would aid in directing the caisson of his platoon into a secured position as directed by the Chief of Line of Caissons.  Upon reaching their position, he and any additional men assigned to him would ready ammunition for transfer to the forward limber.

The rank of artillery Corporal was to be paid, according to 1861 US Army Regulations, at a rate of $13 per month.

Cannoneer
The role of the private was more variegated even than the roles of the officers whom he served.  They served as Cannoneers, Drivers, Teamsters, Wagoneers, Artificers, Farriers, Musicians, Guidon Bearers, and even adjunct laborers.  In other words, whatever work was at hand, the privates were there to perform that work.

Trained "by the numbers" (numbers assigned to their respective positions and used as the description of the duties of each particular gun position, as well as the steps of the artillery drill as counted out by their instructor), Cannoneers did the mechanical, physical work of loading and firing the piece.   Although they would initially be trained at one position, the men would, over time, be cross-trained at all positions, including that of driver.

Cannoneers took their orders from the Gunner while the Chief of the Piece superintended the overall action of the detachment.  When the army was on the move, Cannoneers who were not with Horse Artillery units marched alongside the piece they serviced, often having to lend muscle to the pieces to keep them moving on muddy trails, in snow, through bayous and swamps, and up steep grades.  When they could or when it was necessary for quick transportation to or on the battlefield, they hopped aboard the limbers and caissons.  The caissons were heavy enough by themselves, though, and horses rapidly tired with the extra weight of men piled aboard.  By 1862 the Federal and Confederate armies both had issued general orders for the Cannoneers to march with their pieces, preventing them from catching a ride on routine marches.

The rank of artillery Private serving as a Cannoneer was to be paid, according to 1861 US Army Regulations, at a rate of $13 per month.

Driver, Teamster, and Wagoneer
The Driver had two horses and their harnesses for which to care.  Each Driver rode the left horse of his team and fed, watered, and groomed the team in his care.  Men with generally recognized or proven knowledge or skill with animals were selected for this duty. 

On the firing line, they brought the ordnance into position under the direction of the Sergeant serving as platoon guide.  Caisson Drivers would be directed into position by the Chief of Line of Caissons, often finding themselves taking position under enemy fire.  Drivers had a full-time job on their hands when the pieces were being fired or fired upon, for they had to keep their frightened animals calm and remove the harnesses from severely injured, incapacitated, or dead horses.  

Drivers also had to be alert to the flow of the battle, as they might well have to remove the ordnance from its position hastily should the battle go against them.  One group of Drivers not commonly on the battle line with the others were those driving the traveling forge and battery wagon.  Those wagons were normally to the rear of the army on the march.

Teamsters or Wagoneers were under the authority of the Quartermaster Sergeant.  These men were assigned to drive and care for the baggage wagons (typically, two), forage wagons, and in some cases an ambulance.  Most Teamsters or Wagoneers received an extra rate of pay, making their pay equal to that of a Corporal.   The justification for paying them a bonus was that they not only had to look after the and protect it from enemy seizure, but also to guard it from their fellow soldiers and commands.  Forage and corn for the horses were a desirable and all-too-often scarce commodity, and an obvious target for hungry and starving soldiers. 

Wagon teams of either two or four animals (usually mules) and their harness were also placed under the care of the Teamsters or Wagoneers, as well as any extra horses belonging to the Company.   This was not an inconsiderable responsibility, especially given the dollar value of an animal or the harnesses; an animal's value being approximately equivalent to the cost of a modern automobile, and the harnesses costing up to $10,000 in today's currency. They stayed to the rear of the Company and sometimes to the rear of the army in the baggage train when the army was on the move.

Early in the evolution of the artillery, Drivers and Teamsters had been a separate entity from the other artillerymen.  Over time, Drivers and their animals became integrated into the artillery over time, and became an essential, integral part of the artillery.  It wasn’t until Drivers and Teamsters acquired the status of a cadre of Drivers-as-artillerymen could introduce the possibility of massing guns under fire.  It wasn’t until Drivers and Teamsters acquired the status of soldier that Napoleon could develop a tactical force of hard-driving, galloping light batteries that could drive up almost to the feet of the enemy infantry, unlimber almost before the infantrymen could comprehend what was happening, and blow masses of infantry troops to kingdom-come with round after round of grape shot.  It wasn’t until the advent of the soldier-Driver, in part, that the artillery could finally be elevated from gunpowder-powered battering rams to the "dogs of war" spoken of by Frederick the Great.

Even at the time of the War Between the States, though, the Driver was marked out as being something different from the rest of the artillerymen, and that was true of the Washington Artillery as much as any artillery company.  Drivers were paid less in the Washington Artillery than the other artillerymen; and even in the muster rolls and service records, Drivers were listed separate from the other men.   During the War as the ranks of their cannoneers were depleted, the Washington Artillery sought transfers of men from infantry units into their artillery company.   Yet they would spread the word about and place advertisements in local papers for Drivers, noting in their advertisements that Drivers need not have any experience, although an acquaintance with horses and mules was preferred.

Cross-training not only of Cannoneers as Drivers, but also of Drivers as Cannoneers, enhanced the perceived value of the Driver.  In practice, however, Drivers were rarely pressed into battle line service as Cannoneers.   When cannon crews were so badly depleted under fire that pressing the Drivers into service was a consideration, the cannons were also most likely already in a condition of vulnerability to being overrun by the enemy.  Under those sorts of circumstances, the guns often would usually be deliberately damaged by the remaining Cannoneers and Drivers to make them useless to the capturing forces unless some other options were available to the Company.   Of course, there were many exceptions to that, and many Cannoneers stayed with their pieces until they surrendered their own lives before surrendering the guns.

Whether the utilization of Drivers as Cannoneers was so unremarkable or taken for granted that it was rarely noted is unknown.  We do know that when others outside of the ranks of the artillery Company helped replace fallen Cannoneers, it was an occasion worthy of note.  At Fredericksburg, for instance, when Washington Artillery cannoneers were being shot to pieces, infantrymen were pressed into service to fill the guns' numbers.  At the Battle of Antietam, William Miller Owen would later recall in his chronicles of the first four Companies of the Washington Artillery that when they "became short-handed, by reason of the loss of cannoneers, the staff officers of General Longstreet dismounted from their horses and helped work the guns....General Longstreet directed the fire of the guns in person". General Longstreet himself would later comment upon that occasion.

Drivers’ duties were certainly different from those of the Cannoneers.  While the Cannoneers could tend to their own needs and enjoy their leisure when dismissed from duty for the day, each Driver had to tend to his two horses.   His first concern in the morning was to tend his horses; his primary chores during the day were to tend the horses; and the last thing he did before going to bed at night was to tend his horses. Constantly, the Driver was occupied with the care, feeding, and training of his horses, and when not occupied by the horses, he was occupied with the mending and maintenance of the harnesses, as well as participating in the artillery drill. This harried schedule was exacerbated by the attrition rate for horses who had a Confederate service expectancy (or life span) of less than eight months during the last half of the War.

In May 1861, a single Company of the Washington Artillery of New Orleans showed eighteen drivers on its muster roll; and the Washington Artillery would contribute five full Companies to the War effort, which included about ninety Drivers. These numbers would be repeated time and again in artillery Companies of the Confederate and Federal armies, and yet there exist but a precious few photographs - along with a slightly higher number of paintings, drawings, and lithographs - of the artillery Driver during the War Between the States. For all practical purposes, the artillery Driver is the invisible man of that war. Amazing to consider the relatively unrecognized role of the artillery Driver when the part he played was so essential to the success of the Company.

The rank of artillery Private serving as a Driver, Teamster, or Wagoneer was to be paid, according to 1861 US Army Regulations, at a rate of $13 per month.

According to the 1861 US Army Regulations, Article XII:

    84.  No man, unless he be a carpenter, joiner, carriage-maker, blacksmith, saddler, or              harness-maker, will be mustered as an "artificer".

Specialists who, like the Teamsters, were paid an additional stipend, performed the bulk of their supplemental work during relatively slow times in the life of the artillery Company. An artificer was essentially a blacksmith, primarily responsible to maintain and repair the iron and wood parts of the guns and their limbers. A farrier, also a type of blacksmith, had the primary responsibility of keeping the horses and mules of the Company shod. Typically, a battery would have two to three men performing these functions. The First Sergeant gave them their orders, and they commonly fell to the rear of the Company on the march, remaining in close proximity to the wagons carrying their tools.

The rank of artillery Private serving as Artificer or Farrier was to be paid, according to 1861 US Army Regulations, at a rate of $15 per month.

Many artillery Companies had musicians within their ranks.  However, the practice most often was to constitute a military band within a regiment rather than within individual companies.  At such times, according to the 1861 US Army Regulations, Article XII, Sections 81 and 82 said that

    81.  When it is desired to have bands of musicians for regiments, there will be allowed for              each, sixteen privates to act as musicians, in addition to the chief musicians authorized              by law....Regimental commanders will without delay designate the proportion to be              subtracted from each company for a band, and the 'number of recruits required' will               be reported accordingly....  
    82.  The musicians of the band will, for the time being, be dropped from company muster              rolls, but they will be instructed as soldiers, and liable to serve in the ranks on any              occasion...."

William M. Owen of the Washington Artillery noted, among numerous other mentions of musicians and music within their ranks, that upon reaching Orange Court House in Virginia "We discovered the town was plethoric with pretty girls, so we organized a dancing club at the tavern, and our band and that of the First Virginia provided the music". While many units had musicians within their ranks, though, the musicians were not of the sort mentioned here by Owen. 

Most had one, or perhaps as many as two, buglers whose duty it was to communicate information through bugle calls. There are a large number of bugle calls, exceeding one hundred in all; but most days the artillerymen - and all others - had to be familiar with just four, although it was not uncommon to have as many as a dozen different bugle calls to know and note over the course of a day's work.  A bugler was assigned to the Company Commander’s staff, and, like the officers, was mounted.

The most common bugle calls included:

"The Assembly of the Buglers" to wake the men and have them perform their ablutions necessary to begin the day prior to "Breakfast Call", which summoned them to breakfast;
"The Assembly", which summons the men to form up in ranks;
"The Reveille" (which was played to assemble the men for morning roll call, not to wake them; it’s sounded when the men are formed on the color line, and signals the 1st Sergeants to call the men to attention);
"Boots and Saddles" (in the event that they needed to call the troops to their mounts);
"Dinner Call" , to summon the men to the mid-day meal ("dinner" to Southrons, "lunch" to Northerners now);
"In Battery", "Commence Firing", and "Cease Firing" at the Captain's command, the calls’ titles being self-explanatory;
"Retreat", a call used to signal the afternoon roll call (sounded when the men are formed on the color line, signaling the First Sergeants to call their men to attention for afternoon roll call); and
"Tattoo" or "Extinguish Lights", a call used to signal evening roll call, sounded when the men were formed on the color line to alert the First Sergeants to call their men to attention; and later sounded to signal time to put out all lights.

The rank of artillery Private serving as a Musician was to be paid, according to 1861 US Army Regulations, at a rate of $13 per month. However, for a Private serving as Principal Musician, he was to be paid at a rate of $21 per month.

The Guidon Bearer (more popularly known as the Color Bearer) filled a position on the officers’ staff that approximated that of the bugler, a position to which he was most often elected by the Company’s officers. Just as with the bugler, the Guidon Bearer’s position required that he, too, be mounted. Much could be said of the high degree of risk to which the Guidon Bearer was exposed during battle because of the important nature of his position.  However, the vast majority of his time, like that of all soldiers, was not spent in battle; so the times when the colors were not being moved about by the Guidon Bearer would otherwise have been quite idle had he not been assigned other duties. Responsibilities when not bearing the guidon included service as the Company orderly or Company clerk.

While in camp, the Guidon Bearer would keep the colors furled and cased to protect them from the weather.

Emotionally, the place of the flag in the War Between the States can scarcely be overemphasized with regard to its impact on the troops’ morale. A Company’s flag became the summary statement of a Company’s prestige, pride, honor, and identity; and, for those Companies that existed before the War (or by War’s end), their heritage. This was far more the case with the infantry than with the artillery, though, for artillerymen had the guns themselves in which was invested the soul of the Company. The level of affection for the guns was so great that many Companies named their cannons, and the cannon crews themselves often had nicknames as a group. This was certainly true of the Washington Artillery of New Orleans, to name but one.

Armies of that period in time maneuvered on small parcels of land with thousands upon thousands of troops. Between the smoke of battle, the dust raised by marching, and the general confusion and sometimes even hysteria of the battle, an artillery Company’s Sergeants needed a sign they could readily detect that would enable them to direct their troops on the march and on the field alike. This was accomplished with the guidon, serving to indicate the direction in which the troops were to move.

In battle, the artillery flag would visibly mark the position of the Company's commander. When arriving at a position to form a battle line, the Guidon Bearer first halted to establish the right or center of the proposed line. The guidon's official position in battle was supposed to be on the right, left, or center of the line of caissons, or 35 yards in rear of the cannon muzzle line, although that was changed around mid-War so that the colors were located roughly 20 yards behind the cannons at the center of the limbers.

For Federal companies, their flag often took the form of a guidon, a small version of the stars and stripes with a forked tail. Confederate companies that did not have their own distinctive Company flag (not the case with the Washington Artillery of New Orleans after they adopted the Hardee pattern flag in 1862, of course) were issued a smaller version of what is popularly, if incorrectly, called the Confederate battle flag.  Regular artillery units in the Federal service typically had large rectangular yellow flags with crossed cannons.  The company flag of the 6th Massachusetts Light Artillery, on the other hand, is what is often referred to today as the "Campbell Soup pattern" since the upper half is red and the lower half of the flag is white with the emblem in the center of the flag, looking much like a Campbell Soup can.

The rank of artillery Private serving as Guidon Bearer was to be paid, according to 1861 US Army Regulations, at a rate of $13 per month.

Guard duty was not the exclusive province of the infantry. Artillerymen also served as pickets, seeing guard duty on occasion. The requirement for an artillery Company was to have two pickets on duty at all times. One guard protected the Company’s ordnance park, guarding the guns, caissons, harnesses and hardware from theft or inadvertent damage from the curious, malicious, or traitorous. The second guard protected the horses wherever the horses were stabled or hobbled, protecting them and their forage from theft or harm. The adjunct labors, or pioneers, were required at times to constitute work parties that removed obstacles, cut trees, mended roads, and erected earthworks.

The rank of artillery Private serving in all other capacities than those listed was to be paid, according to 1861 US Army Regulations, at a rate of $13 per month.

Laundresses
Although not officially soldiers, the 1861 US Army Regulations allow four laundresses per company.  Under Article XIII, it states that:

    128.  Four women will be allowed to each company as washerwomen, and will receive one                ration per day each.
    129.  The price of washing soldiers' clothing, by the month, or by the piece, will be                 determined by the Council of Administration.
    130.  Debts due the laundress by soldiers, for washing, will be paid, or collected at the                pay-table, under the direction of the captain.

Concerning Pay
According to 1861 US Army Regulations, $2 per month was "to be retained from the pay of each private soldier until the expiration of his term of enlistment, and 12½¢ per month from all enlisted men, for the support of the ‘Soldiers’ Home’."

"All enlisted men were entitled to $2 per month additional pay for re-enlisting, and $1 per month for each subsequent period of five years' service, provided they re-enlist within one month after the expiration of their term."