History of EGYPT

HISTORY

T he most important factor on the existence of Egypt, as one of the famous capitals of ancient civilizations, is the existence of River Nile. Along with Mesopotamia, one of the first agricultural societies emerged in Egypt 7000 years ago. The area between Aswan and the river delta next to Mediterranean coast became the center of settlements throughout the history.
T he cultivated land of Egypt was created by the rich alluvium carried by the River Nile from the south. This black soil was left on the ground by the annual rising of the Nile and forms a sharp contrast to the red coloured desert sand which covers everyehere else in the country. The black alluvion covered part is called 'Keme' (the Black Land) and the remaining desert areas are called 'Deshret' (the Red Lands). These names have been used since the ancient times.
The Egyptian civilization since the ancient times strongly relied on a successful agricultural system. Fertile Nile Valley and a well-structured irrigation system have maintained a steady food surples for Egyptians for the last 7000 years.

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER (Dynasties and Rulers) :

Prehistoric Era:

Predynastic Period (4800 - 3050 BC)

Upper Egypt:

Lower Egypt:

Archaic Period (3050 - 2705 BC)

Dynasties 1-2

Old Kingdom (2705 - 2213 BC )

Dynasties 3-8

First Intermediate Period (2213 - 1991 BC)

Dynasties 9-11

Middle Kingdom (1991 - 1668 BC)

Dynasties 12-13

Second Intermediate Period (1668 - 1570 BC)

Dynasties 14-17

New Kingdom (1570 - 1070 BC)

Dynasties 18-20

Late Period (1070 - 656 BC)

Saite Period (685 - 525 BC)

Dynasty 26

Persian Period (525 - 332 BC)

Dynasties 27-31

Greek and Roman Period (332 BC - AD 395)

Byzantine Period (395 - 640)

Third Persian Occupation (619 - 629)

Arab Conquest and the Islamic Period (640 - Today)

Republic declared (March 1953)