Multimedia models are used
in
a number of applications. For a specified region, these models
facilitate
the prediction of a chemical�fs distribution, concentration in each
media
and persistence. In addition to the consideration of agglomerated
releases,
the contribution to exposure attributable to individual emissions can
be
estimated. However, the number of chemicals that can be considered
using
multimedia models is limited by the availability of degradation
half-life
data, particularly for soils and bed sediments.
Typically the degradation rate of a chemical
in
water and in air can be estimated. However there are currently no
consensus
on a suitable approach for the prediction of these rates in soils and
bed sediments. A number of steady-state approaches are presented that
facilitate the determination of persistence and concentration estimates
using available multimedia models given only aquatic and atmospheric
degradation rate data. The approaches are derived scientifically,
taking into consideration typical cross-media trends in degradation
data.
Given the mass distribution of a chemical and
an incomplete set of degradation data, the steady-state persistence and
concentrations in a specified region can be estimated. Given the
aquatic and atmospheric degradation data, the increase in uncertainty
is typically minimal. Depending on the approach used, conservative
predictions are generated for screening.
Mass fractions can be
readily
calculated independently of degradation rates by assuming intermedia
transport
controls the distribution. This assumption is used in equilibrium
partitioning
models, for example. However, the assumption that intermedia transport
is
the controlling process in the distribution of a chemical can result in
significant
error. If these predictions are used to estimate persistence and
exposure
concentrations then the uncertainty is increased and there is no
approach
to ensure the predictions are conservative. However, the steady-state
mass
distribution of a chemical can be predicted given an incomplete set of
degradation
half-life data. The methodologies are compatible with those for
persistence
and concentration. It is demonstrated that the overall uncertainty is
reduced
and conservative estimates can be generated.
|