Battery Power

The Past

The Present

The Future

Inside a Battery

Science Projects

Credits


Bibliography

 

"AC DC Inside the Battery."  1995 - 2005.  Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). 5 Apr. 2005

     <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/edison/sfeature/acdc_insidebattery.html>

 

"Batteries." 2004/2005. Farnsworth Electronics, Inc. 2 May 2005.

     <http://www.farnsworthelectronics.com/batteries.htm>

 

"Batteries: History, Present, and Future of Battery Technology." 2001-2005.  Extreme Tech, Ziff Davis

     Publishing Holdings, Inc.  28 April 2005. <http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,1558,1155264,00.asp>

 

"Battery/Electric car info." 9 May 2005

     <http://michele.usc.edu/105b/electrochemistry/battery.html>

 

"Battery History." 2005. About.com. 2 May 2005

      <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blbattery.htm>

 

"Battery Power." 2005. About.com. 2 May 2005

     <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blbattery1.htm>

 

"Battery: Voltaic Pile." National Museum of American History. 2 May 2005

     <http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object.cfm?key=35&objkey=106 >

 

Bosner, Kevin. "How Power Paper will Work."   1998-2005. HowStuffWorks, Inc.1 May 2005. 

     <http://computer.howstuffworks.com/power-paper.htm>

 

Brain, Marshall. "How Batteries Work." 1998-2005. HowStuffWorks, Inc.1 May 2005.

     <http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/battery9.htm>

 

Brain, Marshall.  "How Electric Cars  Work."  1998-2005. HowStuffWorks, Inc.1 May 2005.

     <http://auto.howstuffworks.com/electric-car4.htm>

 

Brain, Marshall. "Modern Battery Chemicals." 1998-2005. HowStuffWorks, Inc.1 May 2005.

     < http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/battery7.htm >

 

"Carl Gassner." 15 Apr. 2005.  

     <http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/gassner.html>

 

Coleby, A. & N. "The Baghdad Battery." 1998-2003. 2 Atoms. 23 Apr. 2005

     <http://www.2atoms.com/weird/ancient/battery.htm>

 

Conway,  Brian E. "ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITORS: Their Nature, Function, and Applications."

     March 2003Electrochemistry Encyclopedia. 9 May 2005

     <http://electrochem.cwru.edu/ed/encycl/art-c03-elchem-cap.htm#leyden>

 

Dawson, Sandra M. "Battery Power."  2005. Nasa Jet Propulsion Laboratory.  1 May 2005. 

     <http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blbattery1.htm>

 

Downs, Dennielle & Ava Meyerhoff.  "Battery, Baghdad, 250 BCE."  1997-1998. Museum of Ancient

      Inventions. Smith College.  29 Apr. 2005

     < http://www.smith.edu/hsc/museum/ancient_inventions/battery2.html>

 

"Dry Cell Zinc Carbon (Zi-C) - 1.5 Volts per Cell." 2002. Brevard User's Group, Inc. 5 May 2005.

     <http://bugclub.org/beginners/batteries/DryCell.html>

 

"Edison's Battery." 1998-2000. Smithsonian, National Museum of American History.

     2 May 2005. <http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/scienceservice/011027.htm>

 

"Flexibility of nickel-cadmium battery." 1998-2000. Smithsonian, National Museum of American History.

     2 May 2005. < http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/scienceservice/003012.htm>

 

Frazer, Lance. "Leading the Charge for Better Batteries." Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 110, Number 4,

     April 2002. 9  May 2005. < http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/2002/110-4/innovations.html >

 

Frood, Arran.  "Riddle of 'Baghdad's batteries'."  27 Feb. 2003.  BBC News.  5 May 2005.

     <http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2804257.stm>

 

"Georges Leclanché." 15 Apr. 2005

     <http://geocities.datacellar.net/bioelectrochemistry/leclanche.htm>

 

Hapgood, Fred. "Jet-Powered Computers." Issue 4.10,  Oct. 1996.  Wired  1993-2005 Conde Nast

     Publications, Inc. 9 May 2005 <http://hotwired.wired.com/wired_online/4.10/batteries/index.html>

 

Hapgood, Fred  "The Microturbine." 9 May 2005  <http://fhapgood.fastmail.fm/microturbine.htm >

 

"History of Batteries" 2005. Energizer, Energizer Holdings, Inc., 5 May 2005      

     <http://www.energizer.com/learning/historyofbatteries.asp>

 

"How a Battery is Made." 2005.  Rayovac, Spectrum Brands, Inc. 2 May 2005.

     <http://www.rayovac.com/wizard/battery_howmade.htm>

 

"How Batteries Work." 2005. Energizer, Energizer Holdings, Inc., 5 May 2005      

     <http://www.energizer.com/learning/howbatterieswork.asp>

 

"How it Works." 2004. Duracell, The Gillette Company, 5 May 2005

     <http://www.duracell.com/products/howitworks_coppertop.asp?id=34&>

 

Katz, David A. "Batteries." 2004.  5 May 2005

     < http://www.chymist.com/batteries.pdf>

 

Lewis, Nancy D. "AD 1800: Alesandra Volta: The Voltaic Pile." 30 Apr. 1997.  Electricity - A Summary of

     Scientists and Their Discoveries. 4 May 2005

     <http://fargo.itp.tsoa.nyu.edu/~lewis/electricity/pages/volta.html>

 

"Morse Telegraph Register."  Smithsonian, National Museum of American History.

     2 May 2005. <http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object.cfm?key=35&objkey=109>

 

Nice, Karim. "How Fuel Cells Work (The future)." 1998-2005. HowStuffWorks, Inc.1 May 2005.

     <http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-cell.htm >

 

"Nickel Cadmium Battery." 29 Apr 2005. Wikipedia. 5 May 2005. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-

     cadmium_battery>

 

"Nickel Iron Battery." 9 Mar 2005. Wikipedia. 5 May 2005. < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-

     iron_battery >

 

"Origin of Electrical Power." Sept. 2002. Powering The Past: A Look Back.  8 May 2005.

     <http://americanhistory.si.edu/powering/past/prehist.htm>

 

"Batteries: History, Present, and Future of Battery Technology
 

     It's Becoming Much More Than Your Good Ol' Auto and Duracell Batteries."  

    <http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,1558,17631,00.asp>

 

Schumm, Brooke. "Nonrechargeable Batteries."  2002 June. Electrochemistry Encyclopedia. Ernest B.

     Yeager Center for Electrochemical Sciences (YCES) and the Chemical Engineering Department,

     Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio. 6 May 2005 

     <http://electrochem.cwru.edu/ed/encycl/art-b02-batt-nonr.htm>

 

"The Baghdad Battery." 2002-2005.  Strange Artifacts, World-Mysteries.com.  5 May 2005. 

     <http://www.world-mysteries.com/sar_11.htm>

 

"The Battery: Using Chemistry to Make Energy." 2005.  IEEE Virtual Museum. 24 Apr. 2005.

     <http://www.ieee-virtual-museum.org/collection/tech.php?taid=&id=2345793&lid= >

 

"The First Condenser - A Beer Glass:  Pieter Van Musschenbroek  (1692 - 1791)."  Spark Museum,

     Early Radio and Scientific Apparatus, The Collection of John Jenkins.  9 May 2005.

     <http://www.sparkmuseum.com/BOOK_LEYDEN.HTM>

 

"Tiny Dry Battery."  1998-2000. Smithsonian, National Museum of American History.

     2 May 2005. <http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/scienceservice/003007.htm>

 

"Volta's pile - the first battery (1800) : from frogs to electricity."  Connected Earth.  5 May 2005

     <http://www.connected-earth.com/Journeys/Telecommunicationsage/Thetelegraph/Lookingfortheelectrictelegraph/Volta-thefirstbattery/volta-thefirstbattery(1800).htm.

 

"What is Electricity?" 2001-2003. Amateur Radio Courses, Section 3 - Technical Basics. 14 Apr. 2005.

     <http://www.ukradioamateur.org/foundation/html/f3-1-0.htm>

 

"Which Way do Electrons Flow in a Battery." Question submitted by Mike, Pocatello, ID  28 April 2005.
 

      <http://van.hep.uiuc.edu/van/qa/section/Electricity_and_Magnets/Circuits_and_Batteries/

        20030127140859.htm>

 

"World's Smallest Battery." 1998-2000. Smithsonian, National Museum of American History.

     2 May 2005. <http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/scienceservice/003017.htm>

 

Zymet, Matthew.  "Electric Artifact." 2005. Discovery Communications Inc. 9 May 2005

     <http://tlc.discovery.com/convergence/ark/articles/battery.html  >

 

Image of telegraph key from this web site:  http://www.150.si.edu/150trav/remember/r818a.jpg

Image of Leclanche battery from this web site:  http://www.faradic.net/~gsraven/fons_images/Page_14/25_Leclanche_batteries.jpg

Image of microengine from this web site:  http://www.micro-nano.bham.ac.uk/

 

 

 

 

 

 

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