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Improvement of Sugarcane Quality.

Project coordinator : Udom Leabwon

In the past, the sugarcane buying system depended only on cane weight. A second component of CCS (Commercial Cane Sugar) is now included and sugarcane quality improvement has to be considered together with the cane weight. The aim of this project was to improve variety and to use fertilizer to increase CCS. The results are summarized as follows ;

Breeding

Sugarcane improvement for early sugar accumulation :

Agronomy

Methods of nitrogen fertilizer application for high yield and quality of U-Thong I.
Two rates of nitrogen, 12 and 24 kg.N were applied to U-Thong I by six methods. The results in the 2nd ratoon showed that there was no significant difference in cane yields between the different rates of fertilizer. Application methods also showed no significant differences in cane yields. However, the method that split the N into 2/3 and 1/3 at 1 and 3 months of age, tended to be better than the non-split method.
Methods of nitrogen fertilizer application for high yield and quality of U-Thong II.
Two rates of nitrogen, 12 and 24 kg N were applied to U-Thong II by six methods. The results showed that there were no significant difference in cane yields between rates of fertilizer and also among the methods of application. It may be concluded that 12 kg N is sufficient for U-Thong II, when applied once at 1 month old cane.
The optimum period and rate of ethephon application to inhibit sugarcane flowering to reduce yield loss during the late milling period.
Two field experiments were conducted at Suphan Buri and Rayong Field Crops Research Centers in 1995 to determine the optimum period and rate of ethephon application to inhibit the flowering of cane crop. The results of both experiments showed that ethephon application inhibited the flowering of the U-Thong 2 sugarcane cultivar. At Suphan Buri, an ethephon application rate of 960 g a.i./ha significantly lowered the number of flowering stalks when compared to an application rate of 480 g a.i./ha. However, at Rayong FCRC there was no significant differences in the number of flowering stalks between the two ethephon application rates. The suitable time of ethephon application was in mid-July (July 14th) at Suphan Buri , whereas at Rayong the best time was in late August (August 22nd) for the rate of 480 g a.i./ha and 13 August for the rate of 960 g a.i./ha. Cane yield and sugar content were not significantly affected by using ethephon. However, at Suphan Buri, cane yield was reduced by about 18 t/ha when the ethephon application rate increased from 480 g a.i./ha to 960 g a.i./ha. Ethephon at 960 g a.i./ha should be applied in mid-August (August 14th). At this time, reduction in cane weight was less than at others times. This experiment will be confirmed in the ratoon crop.
The optimum period and rate of nitrogen application to reduce flowering of sugarcane.
Two field experiments were conducted at Suphan Buri and Rayong Field Crops Research Centers. In the plant crop, the results showed that nitrogen applications had effects on the flowering. As nitrogen application rates increased, flowering was reduced. The flowering was lowest at 281 kg/ha of N at both locations. The optimum period of nitrogen application for reducing cane flowering was between July and August. There were no significant yield differences among nitrogen application rates. Sugar content fell with N rates above 281 kg/ha particularly at Rayong the where the sugarcane was planted in sandy soil. However, sugarcane with a N rate of 187 kg/ha gave more sugar yield than the others. These results agreed with the results at Suphan Buri FCRC.
Sugar yield improvement by ripener and nitrogen fertilizer application
Two field experiments were conducted to determine the optimum rate of nitrogen fertilizer application together with a ripener glyphosate application (sesquisodium salt of N-phosphonomethyl glycine) at Suphan Buri Field Crops Research Center and Phitsanulok Field Crops Experiment Station. The results in plant crop showed that at Suphan Buri glyphosate at 0.3 % of product was applied together with nitrogen fertilizer at 188 kg N/ha tended to increase the sugar yield with the highest marginal rate of return. However, there were no significant differences in sugar yield amongst treatments. At Phitsanulok sugarcane did not show any response since the area was flooded during the tillering stage. Cane yield was also low because of flooding and there was no significant difference between each treatment. However, sugarcane which had the glyphosate treatment had a higher CCS than the sugarcane without glyphosate application. The result in the first ratoon crop showed that an application rate of 94 kg N/ha with glyphosate application gave higher sugar yields than the other treatments at Suphan Buri, whereas the optimum rate of nitrogen application was 282 kg N/ha at Phitsanulok. The small response to nitrogen application at Suphan Buri was attributed to the effect of a grassy shoot disease infection. The results also showed that ratoon crops had smaller response to ripener application than plant crop.
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